Zinc-doped bismuth ferrite (Bi1-x Zn x FeO3, x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) powdered were synthesized through sol-gel auto combustion methods to investigate the optical properties while maintaining the whole structure of BiFeO3 (BFO). The Zn doped induced the reveal of Bi25FeO40 as a secondary phase and decreased the bond angle of Bi–O–Fe in the BFO phase structure which affect the electron density formation inside of the lattice. The presence of Zn content has also conducted the shifting of optical absorption in the UV-Vis region and increasing the dielectric constant value. This property is potent in visible light photonic applications.

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Abstract. Stainless Steel 304 (SS304) is one of stainless steel group widely used in industries for various purposes. In this paper, we compared the experimental process to enhance the mechanical properties of the surface SS304 through three different methods, cold rolled, annealed salt baht bronzing (ASB), and annealed salt baht boronizing-quench (ASB-Q). The phase change in SS304 due to the cold rolled process makes this method is to abandon. The increasing of the annealing time in the ASB method has a nonlinear relationship with the increases in hardness value. Comparing to the increases in hardness value of the ASB method, the hardness value of ASB-Q methods is still lower than that method.Keywords. Annealing, ASB, and stainless Steel 304. IntroductionStainless Steel 304 (SS304) is one of stainless steel group which is widely used in industries for various purposes. Austenitic stainless steels have excellent corrosion resistance in many environments and good weldability as part of the high strength and good formability [1]. One use of SS304 is as a crude oil transport pipelines from an oil well to a processing plant in oil and gas industry. This transport method consumes less energy (compared to conveyer belt transportation). However, SS304 has many components fail in practice. Severe metallic wear frequently endures the SS304 as the effect of degradation of pipelines (erosion) by fine solids (clays), bitumen, and sands is a critical issue. In these situations, it is necessary to modify the surface properties while it is still important to maintain the nature of the SS304 itself [2]. For these purposes, various attempts have been made to engineer the surfaces of austenitic stainless steels. These efforts include cold rolled, carburizing and boronization methods. In the previous study, the deformation by the cold rolled process has transformed the austenite structure into martensitic structure [3]. Moreover, at in 20 % distortion, the value of magnetization is increased above 0.2 T with a small coercivity and caused the ability of corrosion resistant decreases by magnetic measurement [4,5]. However, Etessami et al. reported that the increase of annealing time of 80 % cold rolled 304 led to the formation of austenite at the edge of fine recrystallized ferrite grain boundaries [6]. Furthermore, the Enriching of the surface with boron had investigated by means of boron atoms diffuse into the metallic lattice of the surface of a workpiece, where provides wear and abrasion resistance [7].