The capacity of animals to react to unpleasant stimuli that might endanger their integrity is known as nociception. Pharmacological treatments do not show satisfactory results in response to nociception. In the recent era, light therapy emerged as a potential non-pharmacological approach for treating various diseases, including seasonal affective disorders, migraine, pain, and others. Evaluating the potential of green light exposure on nociception involves studying its effects on different types of pain and pain-related conditions and determining the optimal exposure methods. This review provides the beneficial effects of green light on the reduction in the frequency of pain. The green light exposure on nociception changes the activity of pain-related genes and proteins in cells. This review could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms by which green light modulates pain. Overall, evaluating the potential of green light exposure on nociception requires a multidisciplinary approach and should consider the safety, efficacy, optimal dose, and duration of green light exposure and the type of pain. However, few studies have been reported so far; therefore, light therapy for treating migraines require more studies on animal models to provide precise results of light effects on nociception.

Cannabinoids, either phytocannabinoids or synthetic derivatives of medical cannabis, exhibit a variety of potential pharmacotherapeutic effects by acting on the endocannabinoid system, through interactions with the cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2, and other receptors). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes spasticity, neuropathic pain, urinary bladder dysfunction, and sleep disturbance. Treatment with cannabinoids decreases the severity of disease in animal models of experimental autoimmune-Theiler's virus-induced-encephalomyelis or toxic demyelination. CBD anti-inflammatory effects decrease CNS inflammatory infiltrates, microglial activation, and cytokines IFN-γ, IL-Iβ, IL-17, or TNF-α, whereas Δ9-THC reduces spasticity. Add-on treatment with cannabinoids (Nabiximols, Sativex, equimolar concentration of THC:CBD) have demonstrated potential in alleviating the symptoms of patients with MS. This chapter reviews the evidence-based therapeutic effects of cannabinoids and their mechanisms of action relevant to MS.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative condition that leads to muscle wasting, weakness, and stiffness, is characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower extremity muscle cells. The development of therapies that do more than just slow disease progression is essential. Cannabinoids with a broad-spectrum neuroprotection profile appear to have the potential to manage ALS. Cannabinoids can reduce excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation via activating CB1 and CB2 receptors. To increase treatment efficacy and reduce side effects, cannabinoids, particularly THC and CBD, can effectively alleviate ALS-related symptoms, including spasticity and neuropathic pruritus. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the effectiveness and the molecular pathways that cannabis activates to exert its potential pharmacotherapeutic effects for alleviating ALS-related symptoms.

Ovarian cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy among women and affects a significant population worldwide. Different forms of hormonal treatments or chemotherapies are used to treat ovarian cancer, but the possible side effects, including menopausal symptoms, can be severe, forcing some patients to prematurely stop the treatment. The emerging genome editing technology, known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-caspase 9 (Cas9), has the potential to treat ovarian cancer via gene editing strategies. Studies have reported CRISPR knockouts of several oncogenes that are involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, such as BMI1, CXCR2, MTF1, miR-21, and BIRC5, and demonstrate the potential of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique to effectively treat ovarian cancer. However, there are limitations that restrict the biomedical applications of CRISPR-Cas9 and limit the implementation of Gene therapy for ovarian cancer. These include off-target DNA cleavage and the effects of CRISPR-Cas9 in non-target, normal cells. This article aims to review the current state of ovarian cancer research, highlight the significance of CRISPR-Cas9 in ovarian cancer treatment, and establish the groundwork for potential clinical research.