Hepatitis C is a major public health concern in developing countries. Early research has shown that the prevalence of HCV is extremely high. This has raised questions regarding how preventive measures will be distributed and implemented in the future on a larger scale. The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis C in people who were getting cataract surgery at a free eye camp as a potential occupational hazard for healthcare workers. Taking place from the 15th to the 18th of October 2021 in the city of Paharpur, DI Khan, a free eye camp was hosted at the Welfare Hospital. In the study, all the patients who were scheduled for cataract surgery were included. For the screening of these patients for antibodies to Hepatitis C, the Kit Method was utilised. All the information was recorded using a methodical proforma that was followed. The data was analysed to estimate the average age, gender distribution, and prevalence of Hepatitis C in the population. A total of 106 patients scheduled for cataract surgery were tested for hepatitis C. The results were negative. A total of 36 (34 percent) of the patients tested positive for Hepatitis C, with the average age being 61 years old. A basic infection control protocol must be always maintained, even if free eye camps are a fantastic activity for restoring sight to the visually impaired. The development and implementation of legal protocols for these camps should be the responsibility of the government. In addition to posing a concern for the public, this also poses a threat to health-care workers.

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected dentists all over the world, including those in the Pakistan. It has had a huge impact on the practice of dental professionals as they are in direct contact with oral and nasal secretions of patients in the field. We conducted this study to find out how dental practitioners felt about the outbreak and how they believed it will affect the dental profession. To assess the impact of COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan an exploratory cross-sectional study of dental professionals was conducted. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to consenting participants between October and December 2021 via an online data collection platform (Google forms). These questionnaires were to collect the data about the understanding and awareness about the pandemics impact on respondent’s sociodemo graphics and psychological health. The data analysis in this study was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The study included 118 dental practitioners from the Pakistan, with an average age of 39.25 years and a majority of the participants were males. COVID 19 was determined to be well-understood by nearly 91 (77.1 %) respondents. COVID-19 was of the grave concern for more than half of the participants, 64 (54.24%), with the danger of catching the virus in the dentistry clinic being the most concerning cause of concern 64 (54.24%). It is concluded that the dental practitioners had an excellent awareness about the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19, Pneumonia, Dental, Awareness, Psychology

Background: Out of pocket (OOP) spending on health contributes significantly to levels of poverty in developing countries such as Pakistan. In poor countries there is reduced or limited access to health services, the issue of affordability and availability which all lead to impaired health status and increased morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. Catastrophic health expenditure is not always synonymous with high health care costs; even small Out of pocket expenses may cause catastrophic condition for poor people. Methods: This is a cross sectional study that determined the out of pocket cost of computed tomography scan test (CT scan). The study was conducted from April to June 2015. The study population was those patients who came for CT scan at Hira medical center in district Sukkur Sindh Pakistan. The study sample was one hundred and seventy patients. (n=150).  From the perspective of consumer the methodology was adopted, various recurrent costs were determined under different levels of input and cost canters. The data was entered and analyses using SPSS 20 to provide the results as percentages and averages for the different variables in this study. Results: Through this research we found that out of pocket payments are way too high while putting alot of burden on lower socioeconomic groups. Health expenditure Average cost per patient calculated were Rs. 11000 which means people spend more than 40% of  their monthly income on health. There should be a government health facility in the city to compensate the huge cost which people pay for health especially low monthly income people. Conclusion: Government should introduce a health coverage insurance system in Pakistan in order to cover all health care needs of the people irrespective of their socioeconomic status. Keeping in view high out of pocket spending on health, the Government should subsidize the prices of diagnostic test to give relief to its Population. Community participation is also essential for sustainable solutions.