Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA), also referred to as degenerative joint disease of the knee, is brought on by wear-and-tear and the slow loss of articular cartilage. The term "iliotibial band" (IT band) also refers to the iliotibial tract or Maissiat's band. Methodology: This study was conducted using randomized clinical trial, quasi experimental research design as we need to make 2 groups and evaluate the effects of Iliotibial band myofascial release and stretching on the patients of knee OA. Study population was 36 individuals of ages 50-70 having knee osteoarthritis grade II or III characterized by Kellgren-Lawrence grades, visiting the physical therapy department of Mumtaz physiotherapy clinic. It was a randomized clinical trial with convenient sampling where participants were randomly allocated in two groups by simple random sampling, one group was experimental that received IT band myofascial release other than the stretching and baseline treatment and second group received the myofascial release and baseline treatment only. Data collection tools were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Woman Osteoarthritis index. For the within group analysis of VAS, Friedman test was used and wilcoxon signed rank test was used for the within group analysis of the WOMAC. For the between group analysis of variables, Mann-whitney U test was used. Results: Both groups showed some significant improvement in all outcome measures (p<0.05), but the results produced by IT band Myofascial release along with stretching group was statistically significant in terms of reduced pain and disability (p<0.0005) as compared to myofascial release alone group. The iliotibial band myofascial release along with stretching has statistically significant effect in improving the pain and disability among knee osteoarthritis patients. Practical Implication: Iliotibial band tightness can potentially lead to the alterations in the mobility of patella and disturb the overall knee complex. Proper arthrokinematics of joint is necessary for ambulation. So, this study focused to draw results from combined therapy of IT band myofascial release and stretching will redound to the benefit of physiotherapy field considering that knee plays an important role in better Quality of life. Conclusions: The iliotibial band myofascial release along with stretching has statistically significant effect in improving the pain and disability among knee osteoarthritis patients. Keywords: IT Band; Myofascial Release; Stretching; WOMAC; VAS.

Objectives: To compare the effects of Rood Inhibitory approach and Bobath Reflex Inhibiting pattern to improve Gross motor Function and reduce spasticity in Hemiplegic Children of Encephalitis. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted comprising of 22 patients recruited from different clinics of Faisalabad. Participants from both genders, in age range from 08-12 years were recruited and randomly allocated into two groups. Treatment group A received Rood inhibitory approach and treatment group B received Bobath Reflex inhibiting pattern. Measurement of Modified Ashworth scale were recorded at pre-treatment and weekly for 4 weeks, while (GMFM-88 and GMFM- 66) was assessed at baseline and at end of 4th week. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data. Result:  Mean age in Group A was 10.00+1.673 years and in Group B was 9.82+1.537 years. Total 11 were male and 11 were female. There was significant improvement in mean MAS score at 2nd week, 3rd week and 4th week post treatment readings (p value < 0.05). There was significant improvement in mean (GMFM-88 and GMFM- 66) at 4th week post treatment readings (p value < 0.05).

Background: Diabetes Mellitus type 2 causes multiple complications like peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy and vestibulopathy. Diabetic neuropathy was one of the very common and long-term complications of DM which worsen throughout time. Postural variability and balance illness were mutual findings in DN due to lessened proprioception. Objective: The objective was to determine the frequency of elderly patients with diabetes type II having risk of Fall and impaired Balance. Methods: It was a cross sectional study. The Sample size was 133 participants surveyed through convenient sampling technique. Total time from May to October 2021 was utilized for study. Berg Balance Scale was used to determine the risk of fall in older adults having diabetes mellitus type 2. Participants were appearing for assessment for once. Data was analyzed on SPS S version 25. Results: The result showed that 76.7% patients were independent in their daily life activities. The results of our study were that total 23.3% patients were at the risk of fall. The means and standard deviation of total score of Berg Balance Scale was found to be 44.49±10.48. Conclusion: Based on findings of study it was concluded about one fourth of patients were at risk of fall and impaired balance. The adverse effects associated with diabetes mellitus like retinopathy, vestibulopathy and diabetic neuropathy may contribute to worsening balance and fall risk. Keywords: Vestibulopathy, Berg Balance Scale, Diabetic Neuropathy, Balance Impairment, Retinopathy

Objective: The study's goal was to determine the effects of hip abductors strengthening and piriformis stretching on pain, hip abductors strength, and lower extremity functional status in piriformis syndrome patients. Methodology: A total of 60 patients were diagnosed with piriformis syndrome and referred to the Physiotherapy department from the NILD Assessment Clinic. Then, using simple random sampling, 60 patients were divided into two groups: Group-A (Hip abductor and Sciatic nerve mobilisation) and Group-B (no hip abductor and sciatic nerve mobilisation) (Sciatic nerve mobilisation and piriformis stretching). Each subject's demographic data was collected prior to the intervention. Data on pain severity, muscle strength (hip extensor and abductor), and lower extremity functional scale score were collected before and after treatment. Both groups continued to take their medications according to the evaluation clinic's recommendations. Results: Patient's average age was 57.18 ± 2.64 years. Out of 60 patients 19 belongs to age 35-45 year, 13 belongs to 45-55 year and 28 belongs to age group of 55-65 year. This table explains that mean difference of NPRS and Hip Abductor strength between two groups showed p-value 0.082 and 0.100 respectively statistically non-significant result, whereas, Hip Abductor strength and LEFS showed p-value 0.001 statistically significant difference between two groups. Conclusion: According to the findings piriformis syndrome can be treated without the use of stretching, electrophysical agents, or soft tissue mobilization. Considering that piriformis insertion is on greater trochanter. The excessive hip adduction and internal rotation shown during functional movement testing were exerting tension on this muscle, resulting in sciatic nerve compression. However only Group A improved in terms of hip abductor strength. Group A demonstrated considerable improvement in strength of hip abductor and lower extremity functional scale when compared to Group B.