A retrospective study was performed to report the case occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in three hospitals of north-eastern region in Punjab Province, Pakistan. We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of patients in 4 hospitals which were diagnosed with CE during 2012–2017. A total of 198 cases, 82 (41.4%) male and 116 (58.6%) females were detected as CE. The most Highest incidence was revealed in.... 21–30 years-old group (24.2%) followed by 41–50 (22.7%), 31–40 (16.2%), 11–20 (13.6%), 51–60 (8.1%), below 10 (5.5%), over 71 (5.1%) and 61–70 year-old group (4.5%). CE was detected in various organs of infected individuals. However, most of CE cases were detected in the liver (47.4%) and lung (18.6%). The present study indicated that CE is more or less prevalent in surveyed areas and one of the most important public health problems in Punjab Province, Pakistan.

Objective: To determine the frequency of Immunohistochemical expression of P16 in low grade urothelial carcinoma patients. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from May 2018 to Jul 2019. Methodology: A total of 120 formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded blocks from patients having low grade urothelial carcinomawere included in the study and were stainedimmunohistochemically with P16 antibody. Expression of P16 was noted by two independent pathologists and nuclear stain of strong intensity was taken as positive. Results: There were 91 (76%) males and 29 (24%) females with age range from 18-85 years (mean 67.19 ± 11.5 years) female to male ratio was 1:3. P16 stain was positive in (70.8%) and negative in 37 (31%) of low gradeurothelial carcinoma cases. Conclusion: The p-16 is expressed in a significant number of urothelial carcinomas (low grade) and this marker could be used in routine practice for early identification of patients at high risk of progression to advanced stage.

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Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for finding BRAFV600E mutation in melanoma patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, Jan 2018 to Apr 2019. Methodology: Hundred histologically confirmed cases of melanoma aged between 18-80 years were included over a period of one year. To create the tissue microarray and to conduct immunohistochemistry with VE1 antibody melanoma lesion samples were selected. Results: Ninety-four cases out of 100, were melanoma positive for BRAFV600E detected on immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a monoclonal antibody. The skin was the primary site in seventy-nine (79%) patients, unknown (metastatic) in nineteen and uveal was only in two cases. The diagnostic significance of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detecting the BRAFV600E mutation in melanoma patients was independent of age, site and stage at diagnosis (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Testing of BRAV600E mutation by immunohistochemistry is a rapid, reliable and cost-effective tool in melanoma patients which may further help clinicians in initiating targeted therapy for these patients.