Objective: Breast cancer is a malignant disease of women most often found after cervical cancer in Indonesia. Increased levels of free radicals can cause DNA damage, which could lead to malignancy; this can play role in breast cancer etiopathogenesis. The present research was conducted to determine the activity of catechins as antioxidants and their potential efficacy in inhibiting breast cancer malignancy. Methods: The research was done by examining the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), the value of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and assays in breast cancer cell lines (T47D, MCF7). The cytotoxic potency was determined by the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. Results: The highest DPPH scavenging activity is presented by (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and the lowest by gallo catechins (GC). The highest SOD value were reached with EGC at 500 µg/ml, followed by (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) at 125 µg/ml, and GC at 31.25 µg/ml concentrations. The highest cytotoxic activity in T47D cell line for 24 and 48 h incubation was exhibited by (-)gallocatechin gallate (GCG). The greatest cytotoxic activity in MCF7 cell line for 24 h was presented by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and for 48 h incubation by (+)-catechin (C). Conclusion: Catechins have high antioxidant activities proven by both DPPH scavenging and SOD activities. They possess higher anticancer action on T47D than on MCF7 cell line.

Antibodies associated with IBD are detectable in more than half of AS patients without symptoms or signs of IBD. A relatively recent marker in this setting, OmpC antibodies, does not contribute to the differentiation between AS and type of IBD. Presence of pANCA, however, is significantly increased in AS patients who also have UC, and is an indicator to perform endoscopy. These results corroborate a pathophysiological link between AS and IBD.

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Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women globally. The overexpressed proteins, including EGFR, PI3K, AKT1, and CDK4, have a role in the growth of breast cancer cells. The 3D peptide structure of sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa was modeled and then docked with EGFR, PI3K, AKT1, and CDK4 proteins using AutoDock Vina software. The docking result, which has the best binding affinity value, is continued with molecular dynamics simulation. The docking results showed that all peptides bind to the active sites of the four proteins. WPPNYQW and YDWRF peptides bind to proteins with lower binding affinity values than positive controls. The four proteins were in a stable state when complexed with the WPPNYQW peptide, which was seen from the RMSD and RMSF value. PI3K-YDWRF and AKT1-YDWRF complexes are stable, characterized by high RMSD values and increased volatility in several amino acids. WPPNYQW peptide has high potential as an antibreast cancer agent because it binds to the active sites of the four proteins with low binding affinity values and stable interactions. Meanwhile, the YDWRF peptide interacts with the four proteins with low binding affinity values, but the interaction is only stable on PI3K and AKT1 proteins.

Tapak dara or Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus [L] G.Don), a natural plant, is empirically reported to have promising anticancer activity. To elucidate its mechanism, a research was conducted to investigate the possible ethanol extract of C. roseus in inducing apoptosis on breast cancer cell line (T47D). Antioxidant activity of C. roseus was investigated as well. Sub-G1 flowcytometric apoptotic analysis result showed that extract of C. roseus at 6.25 μg/mL induced apoptosis for 26.365%. Increasing extract concentration resulted an increasing apoptotic level as well, extract at concentration of 12.5 μg/mL induced apoptosis for 22.235%. Meanwhile doxorubicin at concentration of 10 μg/mL induced apoptosis for 36.055%. The antioxidant activity was determined by using in vitro assay: inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Antioxidant activity of C. roseus extract were compared to quercetin and butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), as positive controls. The results showed that DPPH IC50 of C. roseus extract, quercetin and BHA were 358.411 μg/mL, 19.200 μg/mL and 94.178 μg/mL, respectively. We suggest that C. roseus extract had a potential anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis.