There is a growing need for the use of low-cost and ecofriendly adsorbents in water/wastewater treatment applications. Conventional adsorbents as well as biosorbents from different natural and agricultural sources have been extensively studied and reviewed. However, there is a lack of reviews on biosorption utilizing industrial wastes, particularly those of food processing and pharmaceuticals. The current review evaluates the potential of these wastes as biosorbents for the removal of some hazardous contaminants. Sources and applications of these biosorbents are presented, while factors affecting biosorption are discussed. Equilibrium, kinetics, and mechanisms of biosorption are also reviewed. In spite of the wide spread application of these biosorbents in the treatment of heavy metals and dyes, more research is required on other classes of pollutants. In addition, further work should be dedicated to studying scaling up of the process and its economic feasibility. More attention should also be given to enhancing mechanical strength, stability, life time, and reproducibility of the biosorbent. Environmental concerns regarding disposal of consumed biosorbents should be addressed by offering feasible biosorbent regeneration or pollutant immobilization options.

Front-end design decisions for a process to produce sustainable aviation turbine fuel from waste materials were presented. The design employs distributed conversion of wastes to oils, which are then transported to a central facility for gasification, syngas cleaning, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and refining, that is, a spoke-and-hub approach. Different aspects of the front-end design, that is, the steps up to syngas cleaning, were evaluated. The evaluation employed a combination of case studies, calculations, experimental investigations, and literature review. The supply of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) as a 50:50 mixture of wastederived and petroleum-derived kerosene to meet the demand of an international airport (Pearson, Toronto) was employed as case study. The amount of raw material required made it impractical to make use of only one type of waste. Using the same set of assumptions, it was shown that in terms of cumulative transport distance required, a spoke-and-hub approach was twice as efficient as centralized processing only. Technologies for decentralized production of oils were assessed, and oils produced by pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in pilot-scale and larger facilities were procured and characterized. These oils were within the broader compositional space of pyrolysis oils and HTL oils reported in laboratory studies. The oil compositions were employed to study the impact of oil composition on entrained flow gasification. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of pyrolysis and HTL oil entrained flow gasification resulted in H 2 / CO ratios of syngas and O 2 consumption rates in a narrow range, despite the diversity of feeds. At the same time, to produce an equal molar amount of syngas (H 2 + CO), less HTL oil than pyrolysis oil was required as feed. Gas cleaning technologies were reviewed to ascertain types of contaminants anticipated after gasification, their removal effectiveness, and Fischer-Tropsch catalyst poisoning 1763

The densities and kinematic viscosities of 10 binary subsystems of the regular quinary system, benzene (1) + toluene (2) + ethylbenzene (3) + heptane (4) + cyclooctane (5), were measured at 308.15 K and 313.15 K over the entire composition range. The viscosity-composition data reported herein were utilized to examine the predictive capability of some viscosity models, namely, the predictive version of the McAllister model, a group contribution method (GC-UNIMOD), a generalized corresponding states principle (GCSP), and the Allan and Teja correlation. The results of testing showed that the McAllister model outperformed all other models except for systems containing cyclooctane. The results also showed an overall average absolute deviation (%AAD) of 1.25 % for systems that did not contain cyclooctane.

Equilibrium and kinetics of Cadmium (II) biosorption onto acclimatized activated sludge (AAS) were studied. Activated sludge (AS) obtained from a domestic sewage treatment plant was acclimatized using expired skimmed powdered milk as a model for simulated pharmaceutical wastewater (SPWW) to improve its performance as a biosorbent. The present study seeks to investigate the potential of using AAS as a biosorbent for removing hazardous Cd ions from industrial wastewater effluents. Up to about 99% of Cd was removed from aqueous solutions of 200 mg L 21 initial concentration using 1 g L 21 AAS and pH 5?5. The corresponding uptake capacity was 197 mg g 21 . By comparing the results of AAS to that of non-acclimatized activated sludge, acclimatization proved to be beneficial in enhancing Cd removal by more than ten-fold. Furthermore, biosorption followed a Langmuirian type behavior and the kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second order model. AAS promises to be a cost effective eco-friendly biosorbent for Cd removal. The current batch studies lay a foundation for further investigating biosorption on pilot and industrial scales in both batch and continuous modes.