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New ionassociate complexes of the two gliptin drugs, vildagliptin and saxagliptin were precipitated with tetraiodometrcurate and ammonium reineckate and the excess unreacted metal complex was determined. New methods were given for the determination of these drugs in pure solutions, pharmaceutical formulations and urine samples using atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry. The drugs can be determined by the afford methods in the ranges 0.68 -74.69 and 0.70 -77.42 μg / ml for vildagliptin and saxagliptin, respectively.

Center pivot irrigation system has the potentiality for economically net return of various crop patterns, although it's higher fixed cost's inputs. Therefore, water management under the specified center pivot irrigation system can play a crucial role in maximizing water unit productivity and enhancing physical agricultural resources sustainability. Hereby, the aim of this research was to evaluate the optional of a general reflectance model based solely on soil moisture distribution pattern as a key for a farm irrigation management under center pivot irrigation system. Data revealed that the relative reflectance was strongly correlated with soil moisture contents. However, the best correlation was found act high soil moisture level between the reflectance values of 700 nm (Red-NIR) wave length and the volumetric water content (R²=0.9) at the short time (one hour). Moreover, the results of this study help to appear the strong in influence of soil moisture on spectral reflectance and absorption features and should aid in the development operational and management algorithms of on-farm irrigation systems.

Accurate estimation of actual evapotranspiration () is a critical component in improving agricultural water management and water use efficiency. Remote sensing (RS) techniques provide a promising inexpensive tool for reliable crop water consumption estimations compared to conventional field measurements. Having agricultural land fragmentation and mixed cropping systems in the Nile River Delta, traditional methods of estimating are seemingly challenging. The present study aims to improve agricultural water management at the meso scale using RS-based techniques. Four RS-based methods were employed to estimate in mixed cropping farms at the Nile River Delta. The adopted methods include: (i) the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), (ii) the Simplified Surface Energy Balance algorithm (SSEB), (iii) Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFLUX) product, and (iv) the crop coefficient () method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed a significant difference between the employed RS-based techniques. During the winter season 2018–2019, the estimated varied from 331.33 mm/season to 389.34 mm/season, with an average of 358.76 mm/season. The Irrigation efficiency was estimated to be about 55–63%, with an average of 59.55%. The study developed an algorithm to schedule the operation hours of irrigation pumps in the study area based on actual water requirements and pump capacity. The study highlights the relevance of RS methods and the importance of the equitable distribution of water in small farms to enhance water management.