No abstract

Groundwater is a valuable source in Egypt. However, it is expected to face many challenges in next few decades due to climate changes, rapid population increase and development in the upper Nile Basin countries. All of these factors are putting more stresses on this source. Groundwater sector in Egypt is expected to suffer of rapid declination in levels due to the reduction of water recharge in the renewable aquifers (Nile Valley and Delta aquifers). This decline is expected due to climate change (on the long term) and due to GERD reservoir filling and operation stages (on the short term), which will cut large volumes of water which used to reach to Egypt from August to October/November.Moreover, the availability of the water all the year time and turning the flow into controlled instead of natural flow will encourage for more uses of the water in Sudan, which means more shortage in water supply to Egypt. Such decline in surface water source will put more pressure on the renewable and non-renewable aquifers in Egypt. Other concerns, due to decline of surface water, are seawater intrusion and land salinization which will affect the groundwater quality and adversely affect the agricultural activities and production.

No abstract

Egypt currently facing a critical water scarcity situation. The agriculture sector remains the main and the largest consumer of available fresh water consuming about more than 80% of Egypt's water resources. In addition, the increasing food demand with less water consumption is of a great importance and a great challenge in the same time due to the rapid increase in population. Therefore, water allocation among different water use sectors is in a highly competitive situation with the agricultural sector.This study examines water delivery performance and its effects on farmers of the command area of Alfia branch canal with an area served of 3883 ha (9240 feddans) located on eastern Nile Delta. Water supply system was evaluated at the canal level, using the adequacy, efficiency, dependability and equity indicators. These indicators calculated for 24-months irrigation seasons of 2016 and 2017, using measured water deliveries and calculated crop water requirements, water quality analysis, along the canal.The findings of the study showed that there is a direct relationship between water level at the head of the branch canal and the corresponding drain due to the presence of well-functioning subsurface drainage.