Aim: Persistent infection with 1 of 14 high-risk genotypes human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is the crucial for the development of high-grade cervical cancer precursors. The reassuring management of women with cytology negative, high-risk HPV (HrHPV) positive is important especially after the widespread use of HPV testing either as a cotest. The aim of our study was to compare the colposcopic biopsy results of women with HPV 16/18 with other Hr-HPV genotypes and determine positive predictive values (PPV) for CIN2+ of other HR HPV genotypes. Methods: We prospectively had included the women with negative cytology and positive Hr-HPV test other than HPV 16/18. Control group was composed of women with negative cytology positive test results for either HPV 16 or HPV 18. Women with HrHPV positive, cytology negative referred to immediate colposcopy. Results: The prevalence of CIN1 and CIN2 is significantly higher in HPV 16/18 group than pooled other HrHPV group (34.1% vs 17.5%, P = 0.01 for CIN 1+; 14.8% vs 5.2%, P = 0.03 for CIN 2+). The prevalence of CIN3 was almost three fold in women with HPV 16/18 (9.1% vs 3.1%).

Background: The Menstrual Disorders Working Group of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) created a new classification system called “PALM-COEIN” for abnormal uterine bleeding in 2011. The aim of our study is to investigate the new classification system and compare it with the classical terminology for abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and Methods: Our study was conducted retrospectively between February 2022 and July 2022 in the gynecology clinic of Keciören Training and Research Hospital. Premenopausal women without known chronic disease were enrolled in the study. Each patient enrolled in the study was examined based on anatomical structure, physical examination, and pelvic ultrasonography. If necessary, endometrial specimens and hysterectomy material were obtained for histopathologic examination. Possible causes were classified according to the new classification system. Results: The study included 135 premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. In general, the patients with bleeding complaints had leiomyoma uteri and polyps according to the classical terminology. They were grouped under the labels of hypermenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and menometrorrhagia, which were due to various causes, including polyps, adenomyosis, hyperplasia, and iatrogenic causes. According to the classification PALM-COEIN, 35 (25.9%) polyps, 16 (11.8%) adenomyosis, 38 (28.1%) leiomyomas, 4 (2.9%) malignancies and hyperplasia were detected. Conclusion: The classification of abnormal uterine bleeding is generally inconsistent. The new classification system, created for many reasons, is an important step towards understanding complex situations. Another need is that a widely accepted and known classification system should facilitate communication among clinicians and clarify the review of the target population. It is also clear that the new classification system will improve communication between patients. Widespread use of the system will also reveal new treatment options for abnormal uterine bleeding.

Objective: This study investigated whether delta-neutrophil index(DNI) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values have prognostic significance in wound infections after cesarean section. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, one hundred and ten patients who developed wound infection and were rehospitalized after cesarean section in a tertiary health center between 2015 and 2019 formed the study group. The same number of patients were in the control group; laboratory tests including DNI, leukocyte count, and percentage of neutrophils were measured 12 hours before surgery (day 0) and 24 hours after surgery (day 1). It was investigated whether these results had predictive value for wound infection. Results: The mean age of patients included in the study was 30.6 (17-55) years, and body mass index was 28.4±3.95 kg/m2. The optimal cut-off value for NLR day 0 was 4.0, with a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 38.7%, a positive likelihood ratio of 1.31, a negative likelihood ratio of 0.52. Factors that were effective for the development of wound infection were NLR day 0, 1, and delta. In addition, body mass index was found to be greater than 27, number of cesarean sections was greater than one, and operative time was greater than 50 minutes and less than 30 minutes. Conclusion: We demonstrated that NLR values during cesarean section predicted the development of infections after cesarean section.

Aims Clinical management of the second stage of labor and effectiveness of preventive measures for severe perineal tears are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using uterine fundal pressure during the second stage of delivery on obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI), among primiparous women using three‐dimensional (3D) transperineal ultrasonography. Methods A total of 73 women who had their first vaginal birth were included in the study, the fundal pressure group included women where the fundal pressure maneuver was applied (n = 37); and the control group included women who delivered spontaneously without fundal pressure (n = 36). Tomographic ultrasound imaging with 3D transperineal assessment was performed within 48 h of delivery, internal anal sphincter (IAS) and external anal sphincter (EAS) defect were determined. Results Five (13.5%) women in the fundal pressure group, seven (20%) women in the control group had complete EAS defect (p = 0.4). Complete IAS defect was observed in one (2.7%) woman in the fundal pressure group and two (5.7%) women in the control group (p = 0.5). A Half‐moon sign was observed in one woman in both groups (p = 0.9). The rate of other signs was similar in both groups. Multivariate regression models revealed that none of age, fetal birth weight, episiotomy, length of the second stage of labor, fundal pressure application status, and number were independent predictors of complete IAS or EAS defect. Conclusion Fundal pressure with mediolateral episiotomy during the second stage of delivery does not increase the rate of OASI detected with ultrasonography.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using uterine fundal pressure during the second stage of delivery on obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI), among primiparous women using three-dimensional transperineal ultrasonography. Design: Case control study Setting: Tertiary Urogynecology Unit Population: Nulliparous women with term, singleton, cephalic presentation gestation delivered with fundal pressure in second stage of labour. Main Outcome Measure: Complete, incomplete IAS and EAS defect in transperineal tomographic ultrasound imaging Method: A total of 73 women who had their first vaginal birth were included in the study, 37 of them applied fundal pressure and 36 of them delivered spontaneously without fundal pressure. Tomographic ultrasound imaging with 3D transperineal assessment was performed within 48 h of delivery, IAS and EAS defect were determined. Results: Five (13.5%) women in the fundal pressure group, 7 (20%) women in the control group had complete EAS (p = 0.4). Complete IAS was observed in 1 (2.7%) women in the fundal pressure group and 2 (5.7%) women in the control group (p = 0.5). Half-moon sign was observed in 1 woman in both groups (p = 0.9). The rate of other signs were similar in both groups. Multivariate regression models revealed that none of, age, episiotomy, length of second stage of labour, fundal pressure application status and number were independent predictor of complete IAS or EAS defect. Conclusions: Fundal pressure during the second stage of delivery is not cause increase in rate of OASI detected with ultrasonography.