Interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles A Wizard of Oz experiment

a b s t r a c tHeart rate data are often collected in human factors studies, including those into vehicle automation. Advances in open hardware platforms and off-the-shelf photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensors allow the non-intrusive collection of heart rate data at very low cost. However, the signal is not trivial to analyse, since the morphology of PPG waveforms differs from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms and shows different noise patterns. Few validated open source available algorithms exist that handle PPG data well, as most of these algorithms are specifically designed for ECG data.In this paper we present the validation of a novel algorithm named HeartPy, useful for the analysis of heart rate data collected in noisy settings, such as when driving a car or when in a simulator. We benchmark the performance on two types of datasets and show that the developed algorithm performs well. Further research steps are discussed.

This paper describes the functioning and development of HeartPy: a heart rate analysis toolkit designed for photoplethysmogram (PPG) data. Most openly available algorithms focus on electrocardiogram (ECG) data, which has very different signal properties and morphology, creating a problem with analysis. ECG-based algorithms generally don't function well on PPG data, especially noisy PPG data collected in experimental studies. To counter this, we developed HeartPy to be a noise-resistant algorithm that handles PPG data well. It has been implemented in Python and C. Arduino IDE sketches for popular boards (Arduino, Teensy) are available to enable data collection as well. This provides both pc-based and wearable implementations of the software, which allows rapid reuse by researchers looking for a validated heart rate analysis toolkit for use in human factors studies.

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