Conventional methods to clean wastewater actually lead to incomplete treatments, calling for advanced technologies to degrade recalcitrant pollutants. Herein we review solar photo-oxidation to degrade the recalcitrant contaminants in industrial wastewater, with focus on photocatalysts, reactor design and the photo-Fenton process. We discuss limitations due to low visible-light absorption, catalyst collection and reusability, and production of toxic by-products. Photodegradation of refractory organics by solar light is controlled by pH, photocatalyst composition and bandgap, pollutant properties and concentration, irradiation type and intensity, catalyst loading, and the water matrix.
New hybrids of thiopyrimidine-five/six heterocyclic rings were synthesized and in vitro evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against three human cancer cell lines, namely HCT116 (human colorectal carcinoma), PC-3 (human prostate adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (human liver carcinoma) cell lines. The most potency was elicited by the target candidates against the viability of HCT116 cell lines, higher than the positive control 5-Fluorouracil (IC50 range; 0.11-0.49 µM, IC50, 5-FU; 1.10 µM). Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis activation revealed that compound 20 induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in HCT116 cells. In addition, 20 activates the caspases-9 and -3, a process which might mediate the apoptosis of HCT116 cells. Quantitative structure activity relationship study was done and revealed a high predictive power R2 suggesting goodness of the models. Furthermore, there is a good agreement between the observed pIC50 and the predicted pIC50 values, in addition, the low RMSD and standard error values indicate the accuracy of the model. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed that some of these compounds exhibited significant activities against the tested pathogenic bacteria and fungi, wherein compounds 7a, 14, 15a, 21a, produced the most potent and broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal potency equivalent to that revealed by Vibramycin and Ketoconazole (MIC; 125 μg/mL). Moreover, compounds 15a, 21c, investigated dual potent antimicrobial and anticancer activity.
Breast cancer is a serious health problem worldwide and is the second most common cancer in female population. About 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in their lifetime and 1 in 39 women will die from the disease (Siegel et al., 2018). Breast cancer often starts in milk ducts or the lobules that supply them with milk. Managing breast cancer includes chemotherapy, radiation, surgery and targeted therapy. During breast cancer development, multiple signaling cascades are deregulated which causes increased cell proliferation, cell survival, as well as resistance toward several anticancer drugs (Hanahan & Weinberg, 2011;PIVA et al., 2013).MDM2 is the major p53 regulator which triggers the degradation of p53 to strictly control its cellular concentration and it is highly overexpressed in several types of human cancers. P53 is a tumor suppressor protein, which is activated upon DNA damage and cellular stress triggering cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair and senescence. It is worth mentioning that the role of p53 in apoptosis is undeniable where it targets many genes that are implicated in apoptosis, which include for example the anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-2 and BCL-XL and the pro-apoptotic protein BAX (Brady & Attardi, 2010;Brown et al., 2009). Therefore, targeting p53-MDM2 interaction is an important strategy of cancer prevention. Researchers at Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research succeeded to discover the dihydroisoquinolinone derivative I, as a potent inhibitor for MDM2, Figure 1. Moreover, they succeeded to optimize its structure to afford the dihydroisoquinolinone (NVP-CGM097) which showed 10 folds more
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.