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Using road GIS (geographical information systems) data and travel demand data for two U.S. urban areas, the dynamical driver sources of each road segment were located. A method to target road clusters closely related to urban traffic congestion was then developed to improve road network efficiency. The targeted road clusters show different spatial distributions at different times of a day, indicating that our method can encapsulate dynamical travel demand information into the road networks. As a proof of concept, when we lowered the speed limit or increased the capacity of road segments in the targeted road clusters, we found that both the number of congested roads and extra travel time were effectively reduced. In addition, the proposed modeling framework provided new insights on the optimization of transport efficiency in any infrastructure network with a specific supply and demand distribution.

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A new Fe-Cr interatomic potential is constructed under the framework of the embedded-atom method and has better performances in predicting heats of formation and stress-strain relationship of Fe-Cr solid solutions than the Fe-Cr potentials already published in the literature. Based on the constructed Fe-Cr potential, molecular dynamics simulation reveals that the heats of formation of BCC Fe-Cr solid solutions at 1600 K are positive within the entire composition range, and the calculated values are in good agreement with corresponding experimental measurements in the literature. In addition, it is also found that the tensile strengths of BCC Fe-Cr solid solutions increase with the increase of the Cr composition, and that BCC Fe-Cr solid solutions are less ductile with smaller critical strains than both Fe and Cr. The simulated results are discussed and compared with the corresponding experimental and calculated evidence in the literature to validate the relevance of the newly constructed Fe-Cr potential.