Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is the most common chronic disease in childhood and one of its complications is diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is considered one of the most common causes of death in a patient with type 1 diabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, ketosis, and acidosis. The incidence rate of diabetic ketoacidosis has increased globally, annually. Diabetic ketoacidosis may be life-threatening and lead to diabetic coma or death. Diabetic ketoacidosis is defined as metabolic decompensation caused by increasing ketones in the blood. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when the body doesn’t have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into the cells for use as energy potentiated by glucose counter-regulatory hormone excess. Diabetic ketoacidosis presents with vague symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and pain in the abdomen. A characteristic symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis, such as Kussmaul breathing, is present in limited patients. Early diagnosis and management are effective to improve patient outcomes. Infections in diabetic patients should be carefully monitored as they are the most common precipitating factors for diabetic ketoacidosis. The diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis is based on three major signs which are hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketosis. The treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis includes fluid resuscitation, electrolyte replacement, insulin administration, and monitoring of the signs of cerebral edema and fluid overdose. This review article will mainly focus on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and morbidity of diabetic ketoacidosis. Keywords: Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Review Article, Insulin Therapy, Type one Diabetes mellitus. Type Two Diabetes Mellitus

Aims: This study aimed to estimate the incidence rate of metallic taste side effects in a patient who received metronidazole versus tinidazole and link it to the safety profile for metronidazole. Study Design: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Place and Duration of Study: This study where written and revised in the pharmaceutical care department at general network for healthcare providers Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. between Mar 2021 and Dec 2021. Methodology: Literature searches were conducted in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.4 software. Results: Our meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials studies confirm that there is a slight increase in the rate of metallic taste adverse effects. Around one-fifth of patients who were treated with tinidazole had developed an incidence rate (5.1%) higher than the patient who treated with metronidazole. Our data shows that the incidence rate of metallic taste adverse effects in patients who received metronidazole was 15.5% (58/373) while the incidence rate in patients who received tinidazole was 20.6% (104/505). But the overall rate of metallic taste adverse effects was not statistically significantly different (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.45 to 2.55; P = 0.87). also, there was statistical heterogeneity in the included studies (I2 = 75%). Conclusion: In our meta-analysis, the incidence rate of metronidazole-associated metallic taste adverse effects was slightly lower than the incidence rate of tinidazole-associated metallic taste adverse effects. It is not statistically significant as the result shows but still shifting the patient to metronidazole instead of tinidazole may decrease the incidence rate of metallic taste by (5.1%) and give good coverage for the microbial than tinidazole.

Breast cancer is considered one of the major healthcare problems and one of the top biomedical research priorities among all biomedical research. Breast cancer is a common but extremely complex disease. The incidence of breast cancer becoming more aggressive is increasing, with around one million and seven hundred thousand new cases that get worse yearly, and this incidence is expected to increase significantly in the next 5–10 years. These rates are suggestive of the slow progress of this disease. Worldwide, Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women. The mortality rates for women who are already diagnosed with breast cancer have improved, but even then, the median survival in the metastatic stage is low, around 24 months. For the treatment, chemotherapy is the gold-standard approach for most cancer types and the modest improvement in both survival rates and toxicity reduction. Every newly diagnosed breast cancer should be presented at a multidisciplinary conference to ensure optimal management by all specialties involved. A careful history of a woman’s risk and symptoms and a thorough physical examination are important in the evaluation of breast problems and appropriately timed imaging and diagnostic studies are also important. Early detection of breast cancer at a stage when it is potentially curable and there is the possibility of saving a breast should be the goal of all health care professionals. Also, careful consideration should be given to the unique nature of each tumor and patient. This article aims to provide a brief introduction and the clinical picture of the disease, Etiology, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Nutrition, Prevention, and good practice management advice. Keywords: Breast Cancer, BRCA1 gene, BRCA2 gene, Type one Diabetes mullites. Type Two Diabetes Mellites.

Leukemia is cancer that affects the blood formation in the bone marrow, which is characterized by an increase in the number of leucocytes (leukocytosis) in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia has four major types, which include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL). Hematopoiesis is a process in which the stem cells differentiate into erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and immune cells of myeloid, and lymphoid, in bone marrow or lymphatic tissues. The blood is made up of fluid called plasma and three types of cells and each type has special functions. White blood cells (also called WBCs or leukocytes) help the body fight infections and other diseases. Red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes) carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and take carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The red blood cells give blood its color. Platelets (also called thrombocytes) help form blood clots that control bleeding. Leukemias can affect any age and the incidence is different between each type. The Clinical presentation of leukemia cells may be mature, such as in chronic myeloid leukemia, and it may come in precursor form such as in acute myeloid leukemia It can also come in two forms (precursor and mature) such as chronic myeloid leukemia. Many risk factors have been identified, such as Klinefelter, Down syndromes, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Viral infections from Epstein Barr virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus, ionizing radiation exposure, radiation therapy, environmental exposure with benzene, and smoking history. There is a strong relationship between nutrition status and leukemia which strongly affect the overall survival rate. This article aims to provide a brief introduction and the signs and symptoms of leukemia, its causes, epidemiology, nutrition profile, treatment prevention and good practice management advice. Keywords: Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Lymphoid Leukemia, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia

Cystic Fibrosis is considered one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases that is associated with a decrease in the length of age in a Caucasian population. Also, it is considered as one of the most common life-shortening diseases in the white population in the United States. Cystic fibrosis affects around 30,000 people in the United States and more than 80,000 people worldwide. The incidence rate of this disease is 1 out of 3,500 births per year in the white population in the United States, while the incidence rate of the person becoming a carrier is 1:25 in the Caucasian population, the incidence of the disease is 1:2,500. The main cause for this disease is the mutation in Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. This disease is considered a life-threatening genetic disease that causes a buildup of thick, viscous mucus secretions in organ systems. Cystic Fibrosis is considered a multiple system disease, but in most cases, the disease gets worse and mortality increases because of respiratory manifestations such as bronchiectasis. Also, pancreatic damage in children is followed by severe wasting, malabsorption, and mortality is one of the recorded observations in children. This article aims to provide a brief introduction and the clinical picture of the disease, Etiology, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Nutrition, Prevention, and good practice management advice. Keywords: Cystic Fibrosis, Bronchiectasis, Review Article, Airway Clearance Therapy, Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene.