This study examined the role of reading amount as a mediator of the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation on higher order reading comprehension (comprised of paragraph‐ and passage‐level comprehension) in a sample of 159 fifth‐grade elementary students. A positive association between intrinsic reading motivation and reading amount was assumed, whereas a negative contribution to reading amount was expected for extrinsic reading motivation. As control variables, lower order reading comprehension (comprised of word‐ and sentence‐level comprehension), gender, and social desirability were taken into account. Structural equation analyses indicated that reading amount fully mediated the positive effect of intrinsic reading motivation on higher order comprehension, whereas extrinsic reading motivation exerted both indirect and direct negative effects on comprehension. Additional analyses confirmed a suppression effect and showed significant negative contributions of extrinsic reading motivation to reading amount and reading comprehension only when intrinsic reading motivation was simultaneously included as a predictor.
This meta-analysis studies the association of pedagogical processes in early childhood care and education with outcomes in two academic domains: language and literacy as well as mathematics. It synthesizes evidence from 17 longitudinal studies in nine European countries with 16,461 children in regular center-based care spanning the period between ages 3 and 16. Results of a three-level meta-analysis provided small overall effect sizes for both global and domain-specific process quality, and indicated lasting associations with academic development over children's school career (ES = .11, Cohen's d = .22, and ES = .10, Cohen's d = .20). Effects varied by outcome domain, type of process measure, and differences in adopted analyses, with important implications for pedagogical practice and future research.
Social norms are central to theoretical accounts of longitudinal person-environment transactions. On the one hand, individuals are thought to select themselves into social roles that fit their personality. On the other hand, it is assumed that individuals' personality is transformed by the socializing pressure of norm demands. These 2 transactional directions were investigated in a large and heterogeneous 5-year longitudinal subsample of job beginners (n = 640, M age = 21.24), job stayers (n = 4,137, M age = 46.63), and job changers (n = 2,854, M age = 44.68) from the German Socio-Economic Panel. Role demands were coded by both students and labor market experts. To demonstrate transactional effects, cross-lagged structural equation models were estimated. Substantial selection effects were found for both job beginners and job changers. There was also evidence for socialization effects, especially for participants who did not change jobs. Depending on the trait and the subsample that was investigated, selection effects were sometimes corresponsive with socialization effects. Personality role demands were temporally consistent across a 4-year period even when individuals changed jobs (heterotypic continuity). This is one of the first empirical demonstrations of the transactional processes that lead to the formation of social niches.
WHY PARENTING MATTERS FOR CHILDREN IN THE 21ST CENTURY Unclassified OECD EDUCATION WORKING PAPERS SERIESOECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s).Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works. Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD,
Frühkindliche institutionelle Bildung und Betreuung in Europa Die Angebotsstrukturen frühkindlicher institutioneller Bildung und Betreuung (FIBB), die Systeme, in welche diese eingebettet sind, und auch ihre Nutzung unterscheiden sich deutlich zwischen den europäischen Ländern. So liegen die Beteiligungsraten von Kindern im Alter von fünf Jahren in den meisten europäischen Ländern zwar bei nahezu 100%. Für den Altersbereich von null bis drei Jahren variieren die Beteiligungsraten jedoch erheblich. Während in einigen osteuropäischen Ländern nur wenige Prozent der Kinder FIBB in Anspruch nehmen (z.B. Tschechien, Slowakei), sind es in anderen Ländern fast 70% (Dänemark) (OECD 2013). In Deutschland besuchten im Jahr 2013 29% der Kinder unter drei Jahren eine Tageseinrichtung oder Tagespflege (Autorengruppe Bildungsberichterstattung 2014). Während es im Altersbereich unter drei Jahren lange nur um die Betreuung und Pflege der Kinder ging, ist mittlerweile durch die Implementation der Bildungspläne auch in dieser Altersgruppe der Bildungsauftrag klar festgeschrieben. Mit Blick auf systemische Unterschiede lassen sich Fragen der Steuerung, der ministerialen Zugehörigkeit, der angebotenen Betreuungsformen und der Finanzierung diskutieren. Auch in Bezug auf die Ausgestaltung der Curricula, die Ausbildung pädagogischer Fachkräfte und die Formen der Qualitätssicherung gibt es eine hohe Variationsbreite. Trotz der Unterschiede stehen die Länder vor gemeinsamen Herausforderungen bei der Bewältigung der veränderten Anforderungen an FIBB. Eine dieser Herausforderungen ist die Kinderarmut. 2 Besonders in Ländern wie Lettland, Litauen, Ungarn, Rumänien und Bulgarien sind die Kinderarmutsraten mit über 30% der Bevölkerung sehr hoch, aber auch in den wohlhabendsten europäischen Ländern leben etwa 15% der Bevölkerung in Armut (López Vilaplana 2011). Eine weitere Herausforderung ist die größtenteils allenfalls mittelmäßige Qualität der FIBB, auf die verschiedene Studien in unterschiedlichen Ländern hingewiesen haben (Kuger/Kluczniok 2008; Tietze u.a. 2013). Dabei gilt der Zugang zu FIBB hoher Qualität für Kinder aus armen Familien als eine der effizientesten Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der negativen Auswirkungen von Armut auf die kindliche Entwicklung und zur Durchbrechung des Benachteiligungskreislaufs (Magnuson/Shager 2010; Nores/Barnett 2010). Die förderlichen Effekte von FIBB hängen nachweislich von der Qualität der Angebote ab (z.B.
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