No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

This study demonstrates how the synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy can be applied for the quantification of precipitation in high strength low alloyed steel. The fraction of vanadium in different forms of compounds, as well as in the solid solution, was measured using a linear combination fit of the spectral weights. The technique confirms substantial enhancement of precipitation by lowering the cooling rate. A significant fraction of vanadium atoms of over 0.6 remained in the solid solution when the cooling rate was as high as 60 K × s−1. In contrast, the precipitation of vanadium was almost completed by decreasing the cooling rate to 0.1 K × s−1. The results corresponded to the proof by scanning transmission electron microscopy.

Motivated from extreme value (EV) analysis for large non-metallic inclusions in engineering steels and a real data set, the benefit of choosing a multivariate EV approach is discussed. An extensive simulation study shows that the common univariate setup may lead to a high proportion of mis-specifications of the true EV distribution, as well as that the statistical analysis is considerably improved when being based on the respective data of r largest observations, with r appropriately chosen. Results for several underlying distributions and various values of r are presented along with effects on estimators for the parameters of the generalized EV family of distributions.