Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a worldwide infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) . In severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are severe inflammatory reactions due to neutrophil recruitments and infiltration in the different organs with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which involved various complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection . Therefore, the objective of the present review was to explore the potential role of NETs in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify the targeting drugs against NETs in Covid-19 patients. Different enzyme types are involved in the formation of NETs, such as neutrophil elastase (NE), which degrades nuclear protein and release histones, peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PADA4), which releases chromosomal DNA and gasdermin D, which creates pores in the NTs cell membrane that facilitating expulsion of NT contents. Despite of the beneficial effects of NETs in controlling of invading pathogens, sustained formations of NETs during respiratory viral infections are associated with collateral tissue injury. Excessive development of NETs in SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked with the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to creation of the NETs-IL-1β loop. Also, aberrant NTs activation alone or through NETs formation may augment SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm (CS) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with severe Covid-19. Furthermore, NETs formation in SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with immuno-thrombosis and the development of ALI/ARDS. Therefore, anti-NETs therapy of natural or synthetic sources may mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced exaggerated immune response, hyperinflammation, immuno-thrombosis, and other complications.

Leptin is a hormone derived from adipose tissue and the small intestine, mainly in enterocytes; it helps regulate the energy balance by suppressing hunger, resulting in decreased fat mass in adipocytes. Leptin has specific receptors in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei and other parts of the hypothalamus and the feeding center in the ventral tegmental area. It also plays a role in regulatory aspects other than fat cells, such as obesity, which is linked to a loss of sensitivity of leptin receptors, resulting in an inability to produce satiety and an increase in food intake. Moreover, leptin plays a part in lactation, bone density, the immune system, diabetes treatments, and hypertriglyceridemia. The latest studies in leptin suggest that an analog of leptin may treat DM and hypertriglyceridemia. Further research should be conducted on the effectiveness of leptin on other related diseases.

Diseases of the respiratory system are a common cause of antibiotic prescription in Iraq and worldwide. Technology has been recently used for its diagnosis, such as the Film Array Respiratory Panel. This study aims to identify the correlation between the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections with the result of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for respiratory viruses. A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study included 134 patients treated at Alkharama Hospital and the Private Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, in the period from January 2020 to March 2020 For all cases, the results of the panel and the treatment received by the patients were analysed. 58% received antibiotic treatment upon admission, 13% combined treatment (antibiotic + antiviral), 27% received symptomatic treatment, and 2% were treated with the first-instance antiviral. After the result, 38% continued with antibiotics, 30% with antibiotics and antivirals, 13.8% with antivirals and 18.2% with symptomatic treatment. Despite the worldwide alarm over antimicrobial resistance, patients continue to be treated with antibiotics due to a situation that is influenced by several factors.

Background; panax ginseng is one of the best ayurvedic plant used for treatment of several types of disease such as diabetes, improve the libido and hair-lose and as antioxidant also decrease the side effect and toxicity of several chemotherapy and toxic substances and several studies show that it may have an anticancer effect. Aim: to find out the effect of panax ginseng to decrease the cardiotoxicity the occur as a result of several chemotherapeutic medication such as doxorubicin and the effect of panax ginseng on cellular biomarker and cancer suppressor substance for evaluation of possible anticancer effect of panax ginseng. Methods: forty rate module has been enrolled in this study, divided into four groups ten rats for each groups, first group receive purified water, second groups receive Panax ginseng orally in 100mg/kg dose, third group receive panax ginseng with doxorubicin whereas the last groups receive high dose of panax ginseng only, blood sample also collected and organs such as heart is extracted, the serum level of several biomarker and cancer modulators has been evaluated. Results: Panax ginseng significantly reduce cardiotoxicity by its antioxidant mechanism, Panax ginseng reduced cardiac troponin (cTnI) However, its effect on reduction of BNP levels insignificantly compared to the doxorubicin group P=0.06. Panax ginseng reduced LPO and MDA and raised the antioxidant potential biomarker GSH significantly compared to the doxorubicin group P<0.05. Panax ginseng significantly reduced inflammatory (TNF-α) and apoptotic (caspase-3) biomarkers when compared to the doxorubicin group. Panax ginsing increase caspase level also and in addition, MDA, LPO, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels were increased in doxorubicin group compared to the control group P<0.05. Conclusions: as a result of our research, Panax ginseng significantly show cardioprotective effect that it supresses the oxidative stress and other cardiotoxic parameters , However in high dose show to have anticancer by itself through caspase medullated apoptosis whereas the casepace 3 level significantly.

Background. The patient needs from the doctor things such as interest visual contact, empathy, of this and the most important thing is good treatment and diagnosis, However, the patient usually did not receive the level of requirement from their doctors. Objective. Evaluate the expected requirement regarding family history and other doctors and care providers, end find out what the patient expected from family physicians in multi- hospitals and health care centers in the middle east. Methods. We use a cross-sectional descriptive type of study in which observe and by questioners, we collect the data from the patient attending many hospitals, and health care center. In this questionnaire we ask about 10 questions about patient expectations and if the doctor meets this need or Not and all these data are receded and analyzed using data analysis programs such as excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v 20. Results. About 1461 patients are enrolled in this study most of them (91% female) the main age of the patient is about 31, and information about patient expectations was collected from 92% of the patient that enrolled in the study, skills, and information regarding care, interest listens and many other, and the problems were required Conclusions. After using the questions, we were able to follow up and document our patients who showed a great need for attention with regard to clinical interviews, and there was a noticeable lack of communication skills and the patient need for attention, prevention, and care from the health specialist or the family doctor