Leptin is a hormone derived from adipose tissue and the small intestine, mainly in enterocytes; it helps regulate the energy balance by suppressing hunger, resulting in decreased fat mass in adipocytes. Leptin has specific receptors in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei and other parts of the hypothalamus and the feeding center in the ventral tegmental area. It also plays a role in regulatory aspects other than fat cells, such as obesity, which is linked to a loss of sensitivity of leptin receptors, resulting in an inability to produce satiety and an increase in food intake. Moreover, leptin plays a part in lactation, bone density, the immune system, diabetes treatments, and hypertriglyceridemia. The latest studies in leptin suggest that an analog of leptin may treat DM and hypertriglyceridemia. Further research should be conducted on the effectiveness of leptin on other related diseases.

Background; panax ginseng is one of the best ayurvedic plant used for treatment of several types of disease such as diabetes, improve the libido and hair-lose and as antioxidant also decrease the side effect and toxicity of several chemotherapy and toxic substances and several studies show that it may have an anticancer effect. Aim: to find out the effect of panax ginseng to decrease the cardiotoxicity the occur as a result of several chemotherapeutic medication such as doxorubicin and the effect of panax ginseng on cellular biomarker and cancer suppressor substance for evaluation of possible anticancer effect of panax ginseng. Methods: forty rate module has been enrolled in this study, divided into four groups ten rats for each groups, first group receive purified water, second groups receive Panax ginseng orally in 100mg/kg dose, third group receive panax ginseng with doxorubicin whereas the last groups receive high dose of panax ginseng only, blood sample also collected and organs such as heart is extracted, the serum level of several biomarker and cancer modulators has been evaluated. Results: Panax ginseng significantly reduce cardiotoxicity by its antioxidant mechanism, Panax ginseng reduced cardiac troponin (cTnI) However, its effect on reduction of BNP levels insignificantly compared to the doxorubicin group P=0.06. Panax ginseng reduced LPO and MDA and raised the antioxidant potential biomarker GSH significantly compared to the doxorubicin group P<0.05. Panax ginseng significantly reduced inflammatory (TNF-α) and apoptotic (caspase-3) biomarkers when compared to the doxorubicin group. Panax ginsing increase caspase level also and in addition, MDA, LPO, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels were increased in doxorubicin group compared to the control group P<0.05. Conclusions: as a result of our research, Panax ginseng significantly show cardioprotective effect that it supresses the oxidative stress and other cardiotoxic parameters , However in high dose show to have anticancer by itself through caspase medullated apoptosis whereas the casepace 3 level significantly.

Currently, cancer is among the leading causes of death in the world. It is the correct diagnosis that gives the patient a better chance of healing. The detection of genetic markers, macromolecules that are produced directly by the tumor or by the host, has the potential to be one of the diagnostic tests. This paper is a review article, with the objective of addressing tumor markers c-MYC, n-MYC, protein p-53, protein Kras, and the gene HER-2 neu regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with cancer, studies demonstrated that c-MYC is expressed in several malignant tumors because it affects proliferation and cellular metabolism, P-53 in breast and lung tumors is overexpressed, Regarding p16 it has been suggested that cytoplasmic also overexpression as kind of cancer predictor. K-ras is used to determine survival time and free time for neoplasm. It is an effective marker for monoclonal antibody therapy. The marker HER-2 neu and N-MYC are indicative of poor prognosis, conclusions: application of these markers is being increasingly used for expressing specificity and sensitivity in different areas of tumor characterization, in addition to being related to the therapeutic conduct to be followed in tumor treatment. Keywords: genetic marker; p16; Tumor marker; cancer diagnosis;p53

Background: Due to its negative effects on the unborn child and the mother as a consumer, pregnant women's intake of psychoactive substances has become a public health concern. Additionally, consuming these chemicals has been linked to several neurological development changes in children, including behavioral issues (such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder), cognitive issues, and sensory and motor function changes. Objectives: To perform a thorough, comprehensive study of the neurodevelopmental problems in children linked to maternal drug use. Method: A search of the scientific literature on studies about neurodevelopmental abnormalities linked to maternal use of psychoactive medications during pregnancy and published in the previous ten years up to June 2022 was conducted from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Directory open access Journals. Results: The initial screening identified 380 articles. We excluded 50 unaccessible articles and 160 articles due to publication dates and study types; after that, 62 articles were also discarded because they were duplicates, and 68 were excluded because the information was irrelevant or systemic reviews, so we finally obtained 40 articles for full-text reading distributed as follows: 18 from PubMed, 12 from Directory Open Access Journal, and 10 from Google scholar

There is a lot of research and information on drugs and treatments, but a questionnaire was conducted to find out the degree of knowledge of doctors and medical personnel in general about the hormone leptin. It was found that many people do not know what leptin is and what it's a role in the body Leptin is a hormone that plays a key role in energy consumption and regulation of energy consumption. Leptin hormone is one of the hormones that have a basic role in many vital functions of the body, and this hormone has been called many names, based on its work in the body, and the most prominent of these names are; The obesity hormone, the hunger hormone, and the fat hormone as well (1), Leptin hormone is known as a peptide hormone that is produced and secreted by fat cells responsible for regulating body weight, acting on the hypothalamus in order to reduce appetite, in addition to working to burn fat stored in adipose tissue. The hormone leptin has also been known as the hunger hormone or the satiety hormone; Because it is the hormone responsible for sending some