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Industrial furnace kiln internal combustion flame directly reflects the combustion of fuel quality and stability and determines the security of the whole production process. The flame image contains many important information that cannot be observed by people’s eyes, as a result, how to effectively separate the flame image from the surrounding background by means of science and technology has the great research significance and application value. In this article, the idea of neighborhood particles is introduced into the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm, and a furnace flame recognition method is proposed based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. The method first uses red, green and blue color space to design the extraction model of flame image, then uses the proposed improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and Otsu algorithm to solve the optimal segmentation threshold involved in the model. Experimental results show that the proposed improved particle swarm optimization algorithm can always find the optimal segmentation threshold of the flame image within no more than 100 iterations and reduce the computation time nearly 0.01 s. Compared with the previous research results, the recognition rate of the extraction model designed in this article has been greatly improved to over 93%, which is of great value for the safe and stable operation of industrial furnaces.