BackgroundThe effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the development of allergic rhinitis (AR) is poorly understood. We further identified the vulnerable period for AR development to determine methods to decrease adverse effects.MethodsWe used a large population-based birth cohort of 140 911 singleton live infants in Taichung, Taiwan with a highly temporal-resolution satellite-based hybrid model to evaluate the effects of prenatal and early postnatal exposure on the onset of AR.ResultsAmong 140 911 children, 47 276 (33.55%) were cases of incident AR. The mean age of the children with AR at initial diagnosis was 2.97±1.78 years. We identified a significant association of AR with an interquartile range (IQR 17.98 µg/m3) increase in PM2.5 from 30 gestational weeks to 52 weeks after birth. The exposure-response relationship revealed that AR had a significant positive association between PM2.5 of 26–76 µg/m3 (adjusted hazard ratios ranged from 1.00 to 1.05).ConclusionOur study provides evidence that both prenatal and postnatal exposures to PM2.5 are associated with later development of AR. The vulnerable time window may be within late gestation and the first year of life. Further study is required to confirm the vulnerable time period of PM2.5 on AR.

beam CT-based radiographic measurements were the most accurate method for determining the working length, followed by electronic apex locators, which had very close results to cone-beam CT. 5 One of the disadvantages of Ca(OH) 2 is that when it comes in contact with pulp proteins, the bactericidal activity quickly weakens due to the oxidation reaction. Recently, copper-calcium hydroxide has been widely available for its potent antimicrobial properties and superior regenerative attributes. According to a recent study, the copper-calcium hydroxide and electrophoresis technique is more effective in treating destructive periodontitis up to 8 months compared to that of traditional method. 6 Another alternative biomaterial in endodontics is mineral trioxide aggregate, which showed highly excellent biocompatibility and stability over time. 7 The treating dentist should be aware of the advantages and the disadvantages of the current biomaterials in market, and make the appropriate of choice of treatment based on each individual patients.Unfortunately, dental practitioner negligence, which jeopardizes the required standards of healthcare, fails to prevent this potentially life-changing injury, as seen in the current case. In dental practice, an injury resulting from lack of care can be considered negligence. In the current literature, there are no official representative article concerning the potential hazards of root canal filling material extrusion into the IAN, and its legal justice for urgent management.In this current case report, the ethnical responsibilities of the clinician were not upheld due to failure to assess the osteomyelitic lesion before treatment, lack of appropriate clinician-patient communication and trust, lack of clinician experience, and failure to identify the dental negligence that ultimately caused the IAN injury. In the event of malpractice, the professional liability of the dentist must be established. As a lifeguard of human health, dentists have the legal and ethical obligations to perform the optimal treatment procedure in accordance with the ethical mission. Though law is universal and applicable to all fields of medicine, including dentistry, ethics and morals can differ by individual. Because of this, a minimum threshold of ethics must be established by law. CONCLUSIONSIn the current corporate environment of dentistry within a highly developing market system governed by profit and loss concerns, one should never forget the main goal of medicine, which is to not harm.