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Surface air temperature variations can change the temperature within GPS concrete pillars as well as that of the base rock of GPS stations through heat conduction. Furthermore such variations can generate changes of vertical displacement measured at GPS stations. For example, the maximum annual amplitude of GPS vertical displacement variations induced by the temperature change of underground concrete pillar can reach to 1 mm in China, and exceeds 0.5 mm in the areas north of the Yangtze River. This maximum value is 2.8 mm at the 23 GPS stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), among which the value of 13 GPS stations is over 1 mm. Thus, the variation of GPS vertical displacement caused by temperature is a very important part of the observed annual variations of the vertical displacement measured at GPS stations.

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