No abstract

To minimize environmental impact and costs, natural surfactants are suggested as an ecologically sustainable replacement for synthetic surfactants. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of low-cost saponin-based natural surfactant (SBNS) from Vernonia amygdalina ( VA ) leaves for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Furthermore, the study investigated the IFT behaviour of SBNS at oil-water interface and the emulsion behaviour and oil displacement efficiency of SBNS. The SBNS was obtained via ultrasonic extraction of dried VA leaves in a water bath, centrifuging the obtained liquid mixture and freeze drying to evaporate to dryness. Thereafter, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to characterize the extracted SBNS. Moreover, tensiometer (Easy-Dyne KRUSS) was used to study the interfacial tension (IFT) behaviour of the SBNS at oil-water interface. Also, the SBNS ability to form stable emulsion in the presence of crude oil was determined. Finally, oil displacement by SBNS solution was investigated under simulated reservoir conditions (3000 psi and 100 °C) with high-pressure high-temperature (Fars EOR) core flooding equipment. The performance of SBNS was compared to commercial non-ionic surfactant 4-octylphenol polyethoxylated (TX-100). Experimental result indicated that the SBNS reduced the IFT at oil-water interface. The natural surfactant lowered the IFT of the oil-water interface from 18.0 to 0.97 mN/m. Moreover, emulsions formed with SBNS showed good stability characterized by a decrease in the median drop diameter with an increase in SBNS concentration. Finally, oil displacement test shows that oil recovery of TX-100 and SBNS increased by 9% and 15% original-oil-in-place (OOIP), respectively. Hence, SBNS is recommended as an appropriate substitute for conventional surfactant due to its inexpensive raw material, lower toxicity, and higher efficiency.