A deep percolation model, which operates on a daily basis, has been developed to estimate long-term average groundwater recharge from precipitation. It has been designed primarily to simulate recharge in large areas with variable weather, soils, and land uses, but it can also be used at any scale. This report documents the physical and mathematical concepts of the deep percolation model, describes its subroutines and data requirements, and describes the input data sequence and formats. The physical processes simulated are soil-moisture accumulation, evaporation from bare soil, plant transpiration, surface-water runoff, snow accumulation and melt, and accumulation and evaporation of intercepted precipitation. The minimum data sets for the operation of the model are daily values of precipitation and maximum and minimum air temperature, soil thickness and available water capacity, soil texture, and land-use. Long-term average annual precipitation, actual daily stream-discharge, monthly estimates of base flow, Soil Conservation Service surface-runoff curve numbers, land-surface altitude-slope-aspect, and temperature lapse rates are optional. The program is written in the FORTRAN 77 language with no enhancements and should run on most computer systems without modifications. Documentation has been prepared so that program modifications may be made for inclusions of additional physical processes or deletion of ones not considered important.

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This study presents a comparative, field-based hydrogeological characterization of exhumed, inactive fault zones in low-porosity Triassic dolostones and limestones of the Hochschwab massif, a carbonate unit of high economic importance supplying 60 % of the drinking water of Austria's capital, Vienna. Cataclastic rocks and sheared, strongly cemented breccias form low-permeability (<1 mD) domains along faults. Fractured rocks with fracture densities varying by a factor of 10 and fracture porosities varying by a factor of 3, and dilation breccias with average porosities >3 % and permeabilities >1,000 mD form high-permeability domains. With respect to fault-zone architecture and rock content, which is demonstrated to be different for dolostone and limestone, four types of faults are presented. Faults with single-stranded minor fault cores, faults with single-stranded permeable fault cores, and faults with multiple-stranded fault cores are seen as conduits. Faults with single-stranded impermeable fault cores are seen as conduit-barrier systems. Karstic carbonate dissolution occurs along fault cores in limestones and, to a lesser degree, dolostones and creates superposed highpermeability conduits. On a regional scale, faults of a particular deformation event have to be viewed as forming a network of flow conduits directing recharge more or less rapidly towards the water table and the springs. Sections of impermeable fault cores only very locally have the potential to create barriers.

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Low carbon construction materials are needed to reduce CO2 emissions in the built environment. Laminated bamboo is an example of such a material, however to be used in structural applications, fundamental mechanical properties are needed to establish the design values used in architecture and engineering practice. Recent studies on laminated bamboo have focused on the use of timber standards for small clear specimens, with little work published on structural scale testing. The presented work is the first study to utilise structural scale test methods for timber in a multi-laboratory test programme to investigate all mechanical properties of an outdoor laminated bamboo product. The study provides a comparison of the full scale structural performance to conventional timber and a pathway for use in engineering design and practice. The study shows laminated bamboo is comparable to conventional timber and timber-based products in structural properties and forms the foundation to use laminated bamboo in design and construction.