Both F. hepatica and F. gigantica are considered as the main causes of human and animal fascioliasis that have much medical and economic importance worldwide. Nowadays, identification and description of Fasciola species using molecular-based techniques are critical and reliable approach in most laboratories and research centers. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the prevalence of fascioliasis and molecular characterization of isolated Fasciola species in sheep and goats in Sulaimaniyah province, Northern Iraq. Briefly, a total of 100 liver samples from slaughterhouse and 100 fecal samples from the animal field were collected from sheep and goats. In overall collected liver specimens, only 30 (15%) samples were found to be positive using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, from which only 6 samples were selected for sequencing of the partial mitochondrial 28S rRNA gene and codon analysis. Simultaneously, the collected fecal samples were also analyzed using the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), in which only 4 samples were positive. The results revealed that the identified four field sequences strains were F. hepatica and the other two field sequences were F. gigantica. In conclusion, we revealed that both F. hepatica and F. gigantica were distributed in Sulaimaniyah province and the mitochondrial 28S rRNA gene is confirmed as a potential biomarker in identifying various Fasciola species.

over the years 2014 -2018. From a total of 734 clinical cases, 181 were diagnosed as fractures. From cases, dogs represented 49.72% (90/181), whereas cats represent 18.23% (33/181) and birds represented 22.09% (40/ 181). The etiology of the fractures multifactorial, but car accidents represented the main cause of fractures particularly in dogs. Femoral fractures were reported as the most prevalent types of fractures that represented 26.51% (48/181), followed by fractures in radius-ulna 19.33% (35/181), tibia-fibula 13.81% (25/181) and the pelvis 9.94% (18/181). All the cases were diagnosed on the bases of case history, clinical signs, physical examination and finally confirmed by using digital X-ray which offered an excellent scope and contrast than the traditional method. From a total of 181 cases, 6 cases were found hopeless, 45 cases underwent surgical internal fixation and the remaining 130 cases were fixed by external coaptation. Internal fixations were found to be very convenient and without any difficulties, on the contrary to the cases with external cooptation were not. We recorded postoperative inflammation in 4 cases, as well as mal-union was recorded in 5 cases and incomplete alignment in 2 cases was found. We concluded that fractures in pet animals are common in Sulaimani province, which must be considered, and the best-employed methods of fracture repair were the internal fixation techniques, particularly intramedullary pinning.

Cross-sectional coprological survey was conducted to know the prevalence of liver flukes in cattle, sheep and goats in Sharazur district Kurdistan- Iraq from June 2018 to March 2020. Parasitological examination of fecal samples collected from 685 animals from several field (280 sheep, 245 goats and 160 cattle) was done by using sedimentation method (Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test- FECRT). We revealed that an overall Fasciola species prevalence were (49.48%). Liver fascioliasis was documented highly in sheep (55.71%), followed by cattle (47.5 %) and goats (43.67%). Risk factors such as age and sex showed a significant effects on the prevalence of liver flukes (P<0.05). A higher prevalence rate was noticed and identified in animals older than 3 years old (57.66%) and it was higher than those found in middle age (47.71%) and in young animals (31%). The prevalence of female Fascioliasis was (52.74%) and higher than male Fasciolasis which was (40%).

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the behaviour of Meriz goats using environmental enrichment technique. Sixteen goats aged two-four years, were divided into two equal groups, one group was placed in a stall without any enrichment (control), while the other group placed in another stall with enrichment. The enriched stall had six objects including canopy, grooming brush, suspended tire, trunk of tree, and plastic PET bottle suspended and freely move on the floor. The goats' behaviours were observed for eighty minutes in the morning and eighty minutes in the evening for fifteen consecutive days. Focal-animal sampling methods were used to record the behaviours, in which each animal was observed for ten-minutes period each day. Results revealed that the animals of enriched environment group displayed lower frequency of stereotypic and abnormal behaviour than control group. The mean frequencies of the groups were significantly different (P<0.001) for all recorded behaviours except for stall interaction which showed similar behaviours frequencies (P=0.56). The highest percentage of frequency interaction for grooming brush and suspended tire was detected (27%). It was also found that the frequency interaction between the goats and objects of the enriched environment increased daily and showed significant difference between 1 st and 15 th days (P<0.001). It was therefore concluded that animals on enriched environment express more behaviours, show greater preference for some objects, and spent more time on objects than non-enriched environment.