Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) is a self-administered tool that produces reliable measurements for drawing implications about disability. Urdu form of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (U-RMDQ) is considered apprehensive for the population of Pakistan. Furthermore, the Urdu version of this tool is consistent in reliability, validity & content continuity with the English original version. Objective: The aims of the current study were to assess the reliability, validity & utility of the Urdu form of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) in participants with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods: This study design was qualitative tool validation. The sampling technique employed was non-random convenience sampling with 100 individuals including both females and males within the age of 20 years to 70 years. Out of 100, 25 were healthy & 75 were patients Measurements were taken at baseline followed by another measurement after 24 hours. The study was completed in three stages; content validity was evaluated through the content validity index in the first stage, a pilot study was run to evaluate reliability & validity in the second stage followed by an evaluation of patients presenting with low back pain using Urdu version of (U-RMDQ) in the third stage. Data were collected through the Urdu version of the (U-RMDQ). Afterward, IBM SPSS version 25.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: -retest reliability depicted with Intra-class Correlation Coefficient was 0.684 for healthy individuals while 0.998 for participants with non-specific chronic LBP. The outcomes clearly express the tool reliability for the assessment of disability in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. An Independent t-test was employed to check the different validity, results showed the significant differences in means of all variables between both groups thereby producing <.05 two-tailed significance of all variables. After factor analysis of samples of 100 patients, Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) was 0.872 & p-value <0.05 showed the significance of the test. Five variables in (U-RMDQ) were responsible for variance in data. Conclusion: The study concluded the Urdu version of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate disability associated with chronic non-specific low back pain.

According to the WHO, over 350 and 250 million individuals have been estimated as chronic carriers of HBV and HCV, worldwide. About 1.34 million deaths are attributed to HBV and HCV, globally. Objective: To estimate the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV-related hepatitis. Methods: For this purpose, a population of 300 individuals was screened for HBsAg and Anti-HCV antibodies. Data were collected from tested individuals included their age, gender, occupation. Prevalence of HBV and HCV was found at 10% and 14% respectively. Co-infection of both pathogens was observed in 1.33% of individuals. Male (18%) were more infected with these viruses as compared to females (6%). The highest percentage (75%) of HBV/HCV was in adult patients of age between 31-50 years. The various risk factor associated with the spread of viral hepatitis were also considered for a better understanding of the routes of spread of these viral infections. Results: Out of 300 screened individuals, 21% had a history of going through any dental procedure, followed by 17% with needle stick injuries. Only 7.6% of persons had a history of any blood transfusion. Conducting such type of seroprevalence studies can help the administration and health care authorities to take necessary control measures to minimize the chances of acquiring these infections by eliminating risk factors. Conclusion: Further, these surveillance studies can also play a significant role in the launch of vaccination programs in areas of high prevalence.