Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone which regulates circadian rhythm and is also an antioxidant. The role of melatonin in pregnancy is emerging. The enzymes needed for endogenous synthesis of melatonin have been identified in the placenta, although the contribution to circulating maternal melatonin in normal pregnancy is unclear. This work aimed to determine serum levels of melatonin and its major metabolite 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) in normal pregnant women during each trimester of pregnancy, and immediately after delivery. Blood samples were obtained from a cohort of healthy pregnant women during each trimester of pregnancy (n = 26), from women scheduled for elective Cesarean section (CS) before and after delivery (n = 15), along with placental samples, and from healthy non-pregnant women as controls (n = 30). Melatonin and its major metabolite, 6-OHMS, were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Levels of serum melatonin were significantly higher during pregnancy than in non-pregnant women (P = 0.025) and increased throughout pregnancy (P < 0.0001). In women undergoing CS, serum melatonin decreased markedly 24 h after delivery (P = 0.0013). Similar results were seen for serum levels of 6-OHMS, and placental tissue 6-OHMS levels correlated with week of gestation at delivery (p = 0.018). In summary, maternal melatonin production is higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant women, increases significantly during pregnancy with highest levels in the third trimester, and decreases abruptly after delivery. These results suggest that the placenta is a major source of melatonin and supports a physiological role for melatonin in pregnancy.

Sputtering is a technique used for thin film deposition on different substrates for centuries. In this technique, the source atoms or electrons are bombarded on the target material that sputters target metal atoms. The emitted target atoms are deposited on the substrate in the form of thin films. Several sputtering parameters control the rate at which films are deposited. These sputtering parameters include voltage applied, sputter yield, type of the gas used, type of the target material used, type of the substrate on which the thin films are to be deposited, the working pressure of the system, power, temperature of the system and substrate, angle of incidence of bombardment and distance between target and substrate. These parameters are essential to have thin films of desired thickness and properties. These properties include electrical properties, thermal properties, optical properties and chemical properties as well.

Elements are reviewed using varying methods to check how efficiently they are working to make storage possible. An element like Li in LIBs can store up to 4 volts of power, the strongest behavior ever. It has earned huge attention in the commercial markets all across. Carbon with nitrogen can give a high charge capacity of 487 mAh/g with retention of over 80%. So, it has high-capacity load performance. Na-ion batteries are used for large-scale energy storage. These have up to 372 mAh/g storage capacity. K-ion batteries have fast ionic conductivity so these can have up to 710 mAh/g storage capacity. Ca-ion shows the impressive character toward its feature and gives storage upto 200 mAh/g. Cobalt batteries also show devoting behavior and can be stored up to a capacity 707 mAh/g at the current density of 90 mAh/g. Zn-ions show tremendous character in an aqueous medium. These batteries have a storage capacity of upto 810 mAh/g. Sulfur hybrid battery with lithium gives a reversible capacity of more than 900 mAh/g which is exceptional. All of these and more elements have very much promising behavior for storage with multiple cycles. This review article builds interest and trust in these elements.

Bagasse Fly Ash (BFA) is a rejected material of bagasse that is produced in the sugar industry after burning as a fuel. After this discovery, it is used as a cheap, effective and more reliable adsorbent with the highest elimination rate than activated carbon for various harmful heavy metals and pesticides at different factors like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, temperature, particle size by Batch and column studies. Pesticides and heavy metals have more adverse effects on human health as well as on the water bodies organisms like many systems as reproduction, urinary, neurological, circulatory, digestive, soil fertility fluctuations as acidity and basicity. Various techniques were utilized for the elimination of heavy metals and pesticides in the past with high expenses as well as difficult to manage. But in future, this review may help in new efficient adsorbent with high removal ability at a low price as well as easy to use than others adsorbents for the elimination of harmful heavy metals and pesticides from wastewater.

Environmental problems were faced, and one of them is the accumulation of Sulphur and its compounds in the atmosphere and through the atmosphere, it accumulates in the soil and then the underground plants. In the atmosphere Sulphur it is present in the form of aerosols and acid precipitation. Volatile Sulphur compounds are released by the combustion of fossil fuels and volcanic eruption also produces Sulphur oxides. Deficiency of Sulphur produces paling of plants and denaturing of some enzymes that are then fulfilled by using the fertilizers of Sulphur. Soil also has an adverse effect when particulate matter or Sulphur aggregates in the plants and their physiological and biological development is retarded. Most of the industrial processes contain Sulphur compounds like thiol, thiophene, oxides of Sulphur etc. Structural and chemical mutation occurs when particulate substances induce into the plants and productivity and efficiency of that plant is reduced. The impact of acid rain in places with high quantities of mixed air pollutants has yet to be determined. Acid inputs appear to be affecting several techniques in field soils. These must be measured in terms of plant output. SO2 enters the leaves via stomata and quickly dissolves in Apoplastic water, producing mostly Sulphite (SO3)-2, bisulphite (HSO-3), and H+ ions. SO2 phytotoxicity has been attributed to Sulphite and bisulphite ion interactions with different chemicals. If the quantities are not too high, most leaves can detoxify Sulphite and bisulphite by oxidizing them to less harmful Sulphate ions via a series of processes. SO2 absorbed by foliage may undergo reduction conversion, including absorption into organic Sulphur compounds and release from the leaves as H2S. The oxidizing or reducing route of SO2 in plants is determined by plant species, soil Sulphur content, SO2 amount and persistence, and plant growth conditions.