This paper assesses how the Dutch system of taxation, cash transfers and non-cash benefits redistributes between the rich and the poor. The approach in this paper deviates from the usual approach by incorporating the full life cycle in the measurements, rather than only the annual effects. Moreover, the coverage is larger than is usually the case: the paper takes account of both direct and indirect taxes and direct and indirect benefits. In order to obtain the measurements on redistribution, we use the level of educational attainment to classify the population. We therefore measure, in terms of present values, the average net benefit from government policies for an average representative person of each level of education. The results indicate a sizable redistribution from the rich to the poor and a significant reduction of welfare inequality. The net effect on welfare inequality is, however, substantially smaller than when measured on an annual basis. Copyright 2007 The Author; Journal compilation International Association for Research in Income and Wealth 2007.

The ageing of the population imposes a considerable burden on longterm public finances in most industrialized countries. Generational accounting has been used across the world to assess the generational imbalance associated with current public policies. In this study, we incorporate Dutch generational accounts in an open economy overlapping generations model to assess the sustainability gap in current Dutch public finances. Our central estimate of the gap is 4.5% of gdp, but the paper also shows the sensitivity of this result. We explore a variety of policy reforms to reduce the sustainability gap, thereby presenting the impact on the intergenerational distribution of the net benefit from government.

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This paper uses synthetic life-cycle paths at the individual level to analyze the distribution of long-term care expenditures in the Netherlands. Using a comprehensive set of administrative data 20,000 synthetic life-cycle paths of household income and long-term care costs are constructed using the nearest neighbor resampling method. We show that the distribution of these costs is less skewed when measured over the life-cycle than on a cross-sectional basis. This may provide an argument for self-insurance by smoothing these costs over the life-cycle. Yet costs are concentrated at older ages, which limits the scope for self-insurance. Furthermore, the paper investigates the relation between long-term care expenditures, household composition, and income over the life-cycle. The expenditures on a lifetime basis from the age of 65 are higher for low income households, and (single) women.