and Ken-ichi MATSUMOTO † , Members SUMMARY To detect the theft of Java class files efficiently, we propose a concept of Java birthmarks, which are unique and native characteristics of every class file. For a pair of class files p and q, if q has the same birthmark as p's, q is suspected as a copy of p. Ideally, the birthmarks should satisfy the following properties: (a) preservation -the birthmarks should be preserved even if the original class file is tampered with, and (b) distinction -independent class files must be distinguished by completely different birthmarks. Taking (a) and (b) into account, we propose four types of birthmarks for Java class files. To show the effectiveness of the proposed birthmarks, we conduct three experiments. In the first experiment, we demonstrate that the proposed birthmarks are sufficiently robust against automatic program transformation (93.3876% of the birthmarks were preserved). The second experiment shows that the proposed birthmarks successfully distinguish non-copied files in a practical Java application (97.8005% of given class files were distinguished). In the third experiment, we exploit different Java compilers to confirm that the proposed Java birthmarks are core characteristics independent of compiler-specific issues.

This article presents a framework that adapts the conventional home electric appliances with the infrared remote controls (legacy appliances) to the emerging home network system (HNS). The proposed method extensively uses the concept of service-oriented architecture to improve programmatic interoperability among multi-vendor appliances. We first prepare APIs that assist a PC to send infrared signals to the appliances. We then aggregate the APIs within self-contained service components, so that each of the components achieves a logical feature independent of device/vendor-specific operations. The service components are finally exhibited to the HNS as Web services. As a result, the legacy appliances can be used as distributed components with open interfaces. To demonstrate the effectiveness, we implement an actual HNS and integrated services with multi-vendor legacy appliances.

This paper presents a method to implement integrated services of networked home electric appliances, which provide more convenient and comfortable living for home users. The conventional methods generally employ a home server to achieve the integrated services. The server controls all the networked appliances in a centralized manner. However, as the number of sophisticated appliances increases, the centralized server suffers from the concentration of load, as well as a decline in the reliability and interoperability. To cope with this problem, we adopt the service-oriented architecture (SOA) for the implementation of the integrated services. In the proposed framework, the appliances export own features as services, and autonomously execute the exported services one another. Thus, the appliances are loosely coupled via the exported services without any centralized home server, which enables more flexible, balanced and reliable integrated services. We first present a framework to design and implement the integrated services based on SOA, and then illustrate a prototype system developed with Web services. We also define three kinds of metrics (i.e., reliability, workload, and coupling), and conduct a comparative evaluation between the proposed and the previous systems.

This paper describes an empirical study to reveal rules associated with defect correction effort. We defined defect correction effort as a quantitative (ratio scale) variable, and extended conventional (nominal scale based) association rule mining to directly handle such quantitative variables. An extended rule describes the statistical characteristic of a ratio or interval scale variable in the consequent part of the rule by its mean value and standard deviation so that conditions producing distinctive statistics can be discovered. As an analysis target, we collected various attributes of about 1,200 defects found in a typical medium-scale, multi-vendor (distance development) information system development project in Japan. Our findings based on extracted rules include: (1)Defects detected in coding/unit testing were easily corrected (less than 7% of mean effort) when they are related to data output or validation of input data. (2)Nevertheless, they sometimes required much more effort (lift of standard deviation was 5.845) in case of low reproducibility, (3)Defects introduced in coding/unit testing often required large correction effort (mean was 12.596 staff-hours and standard deviation was 25.716) when they were related to data handing. From these findings, we confirmed that we need to pay attention to types of defects having large mean effort as well as those having large standard deviation of effort since such defects sometimes cause excess effort.

This paper presents a framework that adapts the conventional home electric appliances with the infrared remote controls (legacy appliances) to the emerging home network system (HNS). The proposed method extensively uses the concept of service-oriented architecture to improve application interoperability among multi-vendor appliances. We first prepare APIs that assist a PC to send infrared signals to the appliances. We then aggregate the APIs within self-contained service components, so that each of the component achieves a logical feature independent of device(or vendor)-specific operations. The service components are finally exported to the HNS as Web services. Thus, the legacy appliances can be used as distributed components with open interfaces. To demonstrate the effectiveness, we also implement an actual HNS and integrated services with multi-vendor legacy appliances.