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Objective: Black-pigmented bacteria represent one of the most prominent causes of chronic periodontitis. The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro antibacterial effect of an infusion of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) against black-pigmented bacteria. Methods:The black-pigmented bacteria were isolated from the periodontal pocket of a patient with chronic periodontitis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by means of a dilution test using 10 5 cfu/ml of bacteria cultured on Brucella broth containing blood and kanamycin, which was exposed to a 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 65%, 80%, and 95% infusion of binahong leaves and then incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h. In the blank disc diffusion test, a 50%, 65%, 80%, 95%, and 100% infusion was dripped onto a paper disc placed at the center of a Brucella agar bacterial culture and then incubated for 24 h. Results:The MIC and MBC of the binahong leaf infusion were >65% and 80%, respectively, while the antibacterial activity was not correlated with the duration of the exposure to the infusion. The diffusion test showed that an increased concentration of the infusion resulted in an increased diameter of the inhibition zone that ranged from 0.42 mm (50% infusion) to 1.42 mm (100% infusion). Conclusion:Binahong leaves infusion has potential efficacy against black-pigmented bacteria.

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Introduction: Information on the fluoride content in toothpastes commercialised in Indonesia is not yet available. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the fluoride content of toothpastes marketed in Indonesia and to determine if the fluoride content is in accordance with the information provided on the packaging and following the standards from evidence-based dentistry and Indonesian regulations. Material and methods: In vitro analysis of total fluoride (TF) in 10 brands of toothpaste for adults and eight for children, purchased from different stores. The toothpastes were analysed in triplicate using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-sample t-test or one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the difference between the fluoride concentration stated on the tube and the measured value. Results: The TF concentration in toothpastes for adults and children did not match the fluoride content provided on the packaging for most samples. Eleven toothpaste brands contained fluoride > 1000 ppm F, whereas the others contained fluoride < 1000 ppm F. Only one toothpaste contained fluoride that matched the standard from evidence-based dentistry and Indonesian regulations. Conclusions: Most toothpastes for adults marketed in Indonesia do not meet the required fluoride concentration for caries control. The results call for strengthened regulation and quality control of fluoride toothpaste in Indonesia to provide the maximum anti-caries effect.