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This study tested the impact of moxidectin at peripartum on nematode fecal egg count (FEC) and clinical parameters on ewes in the high altitude tropical Andes of Colombia. FEC and clinical evaluations were performed on 9 occasions in 43 naturally infected ewes before and during gestation and after lambing. Moxidectin (Mox, 200 µg kg−1) was applied at late pregnancy (T 1, n = 15) or 48 hours after parturition (T 2, n = 14). 14 untreated ewes served as controls (C). Suckling lambs (n = 58) remained untreated and underwent four clinical and parasitological evaluations until 8 weeks after birth. Mox efficacy equaled 99.3% (T 1) and 96.9% (T 2). Highest mean FEC value reflecting periparturient nematode egg rise (PPER) was recorded in C ewes at 4–6 weeks after lambing. Significant FEC reductions were found in T 1 (94.8%) and T 2 (96.7%) ewes (p < 0.05). All lambs showed a significant and ewes-group independent increase in FEC before weaning (p < 0.05). Clinical parameters (anemia and diarrhea) showed time- and treatment-related differences (p < 0.05). Monitoring of FEC and clinical parameters linked to gastrointestinal parasite infections allowed demonstrating that postpartum or preweaning are two critical periods to nematode infection for sheep raised under tropical Andes high altitude conditions. Use of Mox as anthelmintic treatment prevented PPER.

Introduction:Oral tolerance is defined as the suppression of the immune response to antigens that have been previously administered orally. The purpose of inducing oral tolerance is to avoid using immunosuppressive drugs since, considering that they are not antigen-specific, they make the host more susceptible to acquire infections and develop neoplasms. Objective: To carry out a literature review on the most relevant theoretical references regarding oral tolerance induction in organ and tissue transplantation to prove that oral tolerance is a viable alternative therapy in transplant patients. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS and Embase databases using the following search strategy: publication time: no limits; publication language: English and Spanish; type of studies: case-control studies, literature and systematic reviews; search terms: "T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory", "Autoimmunity", Immunosuppression", "Immune system" and "Immune Tolerance", and their equivalents in Spanish. Results: After the initial search was completed, 719 records were retrieved; however, only 99 addressed oral tolerance induction. Once duplicate records and articles without full-text access were removed, 75 studies were included for analysis. Conclusions: Oral administration of antigens is an effective way to induce immune tolerance in transplant patients (murine models) as it eliminates the adverse effects associated with immunosuppressive therapy, which currently is the standard therapy to treat these patients worldwide.Introducción. La tolerancia oral es la supresión de la respuesta inmune a antígenos administrados con anterioridad por vía oral; su inducción tiene el propósito de evitar el uso de fármacos inmunosupresores, los cuales, dado que son poco específicos a antígenos, vuelven al huésped más susceptible de contraer infecciones y desarrollar neoplasias. Objetivos. Realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre los referentes teóricos más relevantes de la inducción de a tolerancia oral en lo que respecta al trasplante de órganos y tejidos para demostrar que el uso de esta alternativa terapéutica es viable en pacientes trasplantados. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS y Embase mediante la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: periodo de publicación: sin límites; idiomas: Inglés y Español; tipo de artículos: estudios caso-control, revisiones sistemáticas y de la literatura; términos de búsqueda: "T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory", "Autoimmunity", Immunosuppression", "Immune system" and "Immune Tolerance", y sus equivalentes en español. Resultados. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 719 registros, sin embargo solo 99 abordaban la inducción de la tolerancia oral. Una vez los registros duplicados y los artículos sin acceso a texto completo fueron removidos, se incluyeron 72 estudios en la revisión. Conclusiones. La administración oral de antígenos es una opción efectiva para inducir tolerancia inmunológica en pacientes trasplantados (modelos murinos...

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