Background: Headaches are common among children and adolescents, with more than half of adolescents reporting headache symptom worldwide. The number of migraine sufferers among adolescents has increased dramatically in the past decade. Headache has negatively influenced children and has been linked with emotional and behavioral problems. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in Indonesian adolescents and headaches. We used data from the fifth wave of IFLS, which was conducted between September 2014 and April 2015. The figures represent roughly 83% of the Indonesian population. We investigated the possible relationship between sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in adolescents with headaches. Results: A total of 3605 participants (1875 females and 1730 males) aged 15 to 19 years with headache symptom were included in the study. Headache was associated with sleep disturbances (OR 1.99; 95% CI: 1.72, 2.30), depression (OR 1.94; 95% CI: 1.65, 2.28), and female gender (OR 1.72; 95% CI: 1.50, 1.98). Other factors contributing to headaches include poor/moderate sleep quality (OR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.45) and low income (OR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.48). Conclusion: In Indonesian adolescents aged 15 to 19 with headaches, sleep disturbances were the dominant factor associated with headache occurrence. Other factors such as depression, female gender, low socioeconomic status (SES), and poor/moderate sleep quality showed a positive association with headaches but further large population-based studies with more refined variables are needed to elucidate this association.

Headache is a significant and debilitating health problem, affecting more than half of the population worldwide. Migraine is a type of headache that is strongly associated with women and accounts for the high number of years lived with disability among women. The pathophysiology of migraine attacks may begin with a premonitory phase, followed by an aura phase and migraine headache. In women, many factors influence the prevalence of migraine, and sex hormone fluctuations around the menstruation cycle were believed to impact the pathogenesis of migraine. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition identifies menstrual migraine as pure menstrual migraine without aura and menstrually related migraine without aura. While migraine without aura (MwoA) was clearly associated with menstruation, migraine with aura (MwA) was generally unrelated to menstruation. Studies suggested that estrogen withdrawal is a trigger for MwoA, but high estrogen states are a trigger for MwA. During pregnancy, the increase in estrogen hypothetically prevents migraine attacks. There are several strategies for managing menstrual migraine, from acute/abortive, mini-preventive, and continuous preventive treatment. Managing migraine during pregnancy follows a similar strategy, but the drugs' safety profile should be considered.

Peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak terkontrol saat ini dapat memicu terjadinya resistensi bakteri. Penggunaan antibiotik di dunia meningkat hingga 36% dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun. Pada sektor peternakan penggunaan antibiotik saat ini mencapai level yang mengkhawatirkan, dimana 80% pada peternakan unggas, 75% pada peternakan babi, 60% pada peternakan sapi potong, dan 75% pada peternakan sapi perah. Kajian ini membahas berbagai metode yang dapat digunakan untuk mengontrol populasi bakteri Escherichia coli resisten antibiotik. Tujuan dilakukan kajian ini adalah untuk mencari metode yang paling baik dalam upaya mengontrol populasi bakteri Escherichia coli. Metode penelitian adalah tinjauan pustaka terhadap literatur yang bersumber dari Google Scholar dan ProQuest. Sebanyak 352 artikel ditemukan dengan search engine Google Scholar dan ProQuest pada tahap skrining abstrak. Setelah artikel full-text dilakukan skrining berdasarkan inklusi dan eksklusi maka didapat 10 artikel yang relevan untuk dibahas pada studi ini. Sebagai simpulan, metode yang paling baik dilakukan dalam upaya mengontrol populasi bakteri Escherichia coli resisten adalah dengan mengganggu dan merusak aktivitas protein folding bakteri dengan dimer A3-APO yang merupakan suatu peptida antimikroba dengan hasil efektivitas sebesar 99%-100%.Kata kunci: dimer A3-APO; obat; bakteri; mikrobiologi, antibiotik

Background: Existing air quality is decreasing, as evidenced by the increase in air pollution. Air pollution does not only affect the respiratory system, but also affecting the nervous system, and furthermore causing impaired cognitive function that can be predicted through the image of the hippocampus. Objective: This study wanted to determine the significance of the relationship between PM2.5 (Particulate Matter) pollutant exposure and hippocampal volume in adults. Method: This research is a PRISMA 2020 based systematic study using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Proquest as databases. Research inclusion criteria were studies with subjects over 19 years old, using MRI techniques, published in English, having sufficient data for extraction. Result: There are 5 studies from 2015 to 2020 which stated that there was no statistically significant relationship between PM2.5 pollutant exposure and hippocampal volume (n = 5) (P-value > 0.05, 0.71, 0.8, 0.32), and the study obtained significant results (n = 1) (P-value < 0.005). Discussion: Although the results of the study did not prove a significant difference in hippocampal volume, several recent theories regarding hippocampal neurogenesis in adults are able to support these results. Conclusion: From this study, it was not proven that there was a significant relationship between PM2.5 pollutant exposure and hippocampal volume.