This study explores the significance of firm-specific, country, and macroeconomic factors in explaining variation in leverage using a sample of banks from Turkish banking sector. The analysis is based on quarterly firm-level data from Turkish banking sector in 2002–2012. We aims to contribute to the empirical capital structure literature in the following ways. Our first contribution comes from assessing the importance of firm-specific factors, country-level factors and industrial factors for capital structure decisions in Turkish banking sector. Second, we employ appropriate and advanced dynamic panel data estimators, Blundell and Bond’s (1998) generalized methods of moment’s estimators (GMM System). We find that leverage is significantly and positively associated with average industry leverage, firm size and GDP growth. We find also that leverage is significantly and negatively associated with tangibility, profitability, inflation and financial risk. The regression results for leverage are both theoretically and empirically plausible for banks in Turkey. Moreover, tangibility, profitability and GDP growth are consistent with the predictions of the pecking order theory, while firm size is consistent with the predictions of the trade-off theory. Our findings suggest that the capital structures of financial and non-financial firms are ultimately determined by the same drivers.

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Energy is indispensable of the economy and important for economic growth. Energy is a fundamental necessity for human survival and economic growth, and energy forms the basis of modern societies. It is the lifeblood and backbone of economic development. It plays an important role in increasing trade and the level of growth. According to the literature, it increases the level of growth. In the economic literature; dynamic relations including economic growth, trade, energy and financial development are noteworthy. The aim of this study is to investigate the existence of a hidden relationship between financial development, energy consumption, and economic growth for E-7 countries (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia and Turkey) in the time 2003-2016 period. Within this scope, hidden cointegration analysis developed by Hatemi-J (2011) and asymmetric causality analysis of Hatemi-j (2012) were used. According to the results of the analyzes, a hidden cointegration relationship was found between the negative components. On the other hand, it was determined that there was a uniteral causality from economic growth and financial development to energy consumption.

Bu çalışmada, 2004-2017 döneminde Türkiye'de faaliyette bulunan 21 bankanın yıllık verileri üzerinden takipteki kredilerin belirleyicileri tespit edilmeye çalışmıştır. Çalışmaya bankaya özgü değişkenlerin yanı sıra ülkeye özgü makro finansal ve makroekonomik değişkenler de eklenmiştir. Çalışmada, takipteki kredilerin toplam aktiflere (NPL1) ve takipteki kredilerin brüt toplam kredilere (NPL2) oranı bağımlı değişken olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada bankaların takipteki alacaklarını etkileyen faktörler statik ve dinamik panel veri analizi yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. Borç vermede uzmanlaşma (BVU) değişkeni modellerin genelinde negatif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Buna göre, bankalar kredi vermede uzmanlaştıkça takipteki alacaklarını arttırabilecek kredileri daha iyi takip etme potansiyeline sahip olacaklardır. Kapitalizasyon (KAP) değişkeninin tüm modellerde istatistiki olarak anlamlı ve pozitif etkide bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgu bankaların düşük sermaye ile daha riskli krediler verdiğini göstermekte olup, bu durum takipteki alacakların artmasına neden olmuştur. Panel veri yöntemi ile yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre bulduğumuz sonuçlar finansal ve ekonomik faktörler belirlenirken politika yapıcılara yardımcı olacaktır.

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