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Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is vector-borne disease. and endemics in most regions of Iraq especially with poor populations. "Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1)" gene play an essential role in susceptibility to CL and disease pathology, NRAMP1 influences a production and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α. Proand anti-inflammatory cytokines play an essential role in susceptibility/resistance and the immunopathogenesis of Leishmania infection. These cytokines are crucial factors in the initiation and enhances of protective immunity against Leishmania infection. This study aimed to determine effect of polymorphism in NRAMP1 genes on cytokines secretion and their effect in susceptibility to CL infection. Materials and Methods: Samples of blood were collected from patients (n: 60) with CL and apparently healthy controls (n: 32). Polymorphism of Nramp1 (D543N) detected by PCR-RFLP technique in patients and control groups while (TNF-α and IL-1β) cytokine concentrations detected by ELISA technique using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Results: Results indicate to effect of Nramp1 gene polymorphism on levels of (IL-1β and TNF-α) cytokines and this a clearly recorded in present study were A allele is associated with lower levels of (TNF-α and IL-1β) in patients and control groups compression to that absorbed in allele G with statically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) plays an essential role in the resolution of CL infection, were its concentration in patients serum of all age groups were significant increase in comparison to that observed in their control groups. In polymorphisms of Nramp1 (D543N) gene, were A allele is associated with lower levels of (IL-1β and TNF-α) compression to that absorbed in allele G, and this decreased production may be associated with susceptibility and proliferation of parasites in the macrophage.

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The current study aimed to identify the bacteria from the gallbladder taken during cholecystectomy of patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis of calculus and acalculus type. The study included 100 patients taken randomly (85 women and 15 men) undergoing cholecystectomy at the general teaching Hilla Hospital from September 2016 to June 2017. For each patient, two samples were taken, which included tissue and stone (if present). All samples were cultured on different media for full bacteriological identification. The infection appears in both sexes, but the rate of infection in women (85%) was higher than men (15%). The most affected age group in both sexes was between 35 and 45 years (30%). Clinically, chronic cholecystitis was the most common (84%) compared with acute cholecystitis (16%). The results of bacterial isolation appeared to be 75% for gallbladder tissue samples and 25% for stones culture. The total number of isolated bacterial samples were 80. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant and represented 86% whereas the Gram-positive group was 13%. The most common bacterial isolates were Salmonella typhi (20%) as Gram-negative bacteria and Enterococcus faecalis (45%) as Gram-positive bacteria. Cholesterol stones were the most common types of gallstones (60%) followed by pigment stone (40%) and mixed type (32%). Also, the study showed changes in the histological structure of the gallbladder, which were characterized by the expansion of the cavity and congestion of the blood vessels in the follicular layer and an increase in the amount of lymphatic tissue diffused in the layers of the gallbladder wall.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease and endemic in most regions of Iraq, especially in the regions with poor populations. Natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene plays an essential role in susceptibility to CL and disease pathology. This study aimed to study the polymorphism in NRAMP1 gene, and tried to identify an association between gene variants and susceptibility to CL infection in Iraqi population / AL-Muthanna province. Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 60 patients with CL and 32 apparently healthy controls. NRAMP1 (D543N) polymorphism was detected in patients and control groups by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in genotype distribution between CL cases and healthy controls (p = 0.036), and the results indicated that genetic variations of D543N were not associated with susceptibility to CL infection, and the frequency of allele A was greater in controls than in patients with statistical significance of p = 0.01.