Background:The efficacy of an extract from date seeds has been tested successfully on the glycemic control of type I diabetes mellitus in rats. A suggestion that date seed extract could stimulate certain cells to differentiate into insulin-secreting cells has been proposed. In order to investigate such a possibility, this study was conducted to measure C-peptide levels in the serum of type 1 diabetic rats treated with date seed extract. Methods:Two hundred rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I served as the control. Group II was given daily ingestions of 10 ml of date seed extract. Groups III and IV were made diabetic by streptozotocin injection and were given daily subcutaneous injections of 3 IU/day of insulin for 8 weeks. Group IV received, in addition, daily ingestions of 10 ml of seed extract. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected from each rat, and blood glucose and serum Cpeptide levels were measured.Results: No significant differences in the means of blood glucose and serum C-peptide levels were observed between groups I (control group) and II (date seed extract-treated control group). Group IV (date seed extract-insulin-treated diabetic group) showed a statistically significant reduction in the mean blood glucose level compared to Group III (insulin-treated diabetic group). The mean serum C-peptide level was significantly higher in group IV compared to group III. Conclusion:Biochemical results suggested an increase in endogenous insulin secretion in the case of type 1 diabetic rats treated with date seed extract, which might be the cause of its hypoglycemic effect. BACKGROUND:Diabetes is a predominant public health concern affecting a large population in the whole world. The disease causes substantial morbidity, mortality, and long-term complications [1,2]. Insulin is the only drug currently available to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and its disadvantages have been discussed in previous studies [3,4]. There is an increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine among general public [5]. In a previous study, we successfully tested the efficacy of an aqueous extract from date seeds on the glycemic control of T1DM in rats [6].In another study, we demonstrated the safety of date seed extract administration on liver and kidneys of rats, and showed that a date seed extract-insulin combination minimizes the diabetic toxic effects on the liver and kidneys of rats, compared to insulin administration as a single drug [7]. However, the potential mechanism by which date seed extract exerts its hypoglycemic effect remains uninvestigated. A suggestion that such an extract could stimulate certain cells to differentiate into insulin-secreting cells has been proposed [6].C-peptide (connecting peptide), a 31-amino-acid polypeptide, represents the midportion of the proinsulin molecule. During insulin secretion, it is enzymatically cleaved off and cosecreted in equimolar proportion with mature insulin molecules. Because synthetic insulin does not have such a peptide, the level...

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Anatomical variations of the arterial patterns in the upper limb have been describe in many anatomical studies, but the occurrence of four variations in a ipsilateral upper limb is rare. These arterial variations were observed in the right upper limb of a 65-year old Caucasian male cadaver during routine dissection in the anatomy department, College of Medicine at the King Saud University, Riyadh. These arterial variations include: 1) a large common trunk of the axillary artery giving origin to subscapular artery, profunda brachii artery, common circumflex humoral artery and superior ulnar collateral artery, 2) superficial brachial artery; 3) superficial brachioulnar artery, and 4) the radialis indicis branch from superficial palmar arch. Appreciation of variations in the upper limb vessels is important due to increasing number of procedures both diagnostic and therapeutic as in breast cancer surgery, flap harvesting and arteriogaphy.

The authors describe a supernumerary muscle in each orbit of an elderly male subject. There appear to be no previous reports of this muscle; most reports of anomalies of extraocular muscles describe hypoplasia or aplasia. Thirty-five formalin-fixed cadavers assigned to medical students for dissection were studied. The orbits were dissected by a superior approach which involved removal of the orbital plate of the frontal bone and the superior orbital margin. A supernumerary extraocular muscle was seen in each orbit of one cadaver, located between the superior oblique and levator palpebrae superioris muscles. It originated on the inferior surface of the lesser wing of sphenoid bone and was inserted into the skin of the medial one-third of the upper eyelid. It was innervated by a branch from the superior division of the oculomotor nerve. The insertion of the muscle into the upper eyelid produced a crease running obliquely upwards and medially, from the junction of the medial one-third and lateral two-thirds of the lid margin, towards the medial part of the superior orbital fold. The authors suggest the name levator palpebrae superioris accessorius for this muscle in view of its topography and action as tested in the cadaver. The significance of the findings is discussed and the literature on the development of the muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve is reviewed.