/ Article original Effect of sub-acute exposure to abamectin (insecticide) on liver rats (Rattus norvegicus) Effet de la toxicité subaiguë de l'abamectine (insecticide) sur le foie des rats (Rattus norvegicus

Thiamethoxam (TMX), a second-generation neonicotinoid insecticide, is one of the most widely used insecticides in Algeria. The present study assessed the effects of repeated subchronic exposure to the commercial formulation of thiamethoxam (Actara®, 25% WG) in albino male rats. The toxic effects of thiamethoxam (TMX) were studied biochemically and histopathologically. Twenty-eight male albino rats weighing between 226 and 243 g were randomly assigned to four groups. One group served as control, and the other three were served as experimental groups administered a neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (TMX; 26, 39 and 78 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. The effects of the insecticide on various biochemical parameters were evaluated at 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Histopathological studies were carried out in the liver, kidney, cerebellum and hippocampus at the end of the experiment. Changes in biochemical parameters glucose, ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), γGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) ALP (alkaline phosphatase) urea and creatinine were observed in treated-groups in a dose dependent manner when compared to the control. Histopathological alterations were more intense in male rats from the TMX high dose group than those from group 2 and 3. Based on these results, subchronic oral administration of thiamethoxam altered the biochemical parameters, which correlated with histopathological changes in the liver kidney and brain.

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The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against kidney and brain toxicity induced by an abamectin-based insecticide Voliam targo ® (VT) in male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The extraction of the essential oil from T. vulgaris (TEO) by hydrodistillation allowed us to obtain an essential oil with a yield of 0.30 and the characterization of this essential oil by GC / MS indicates that the major component is carvacrol (86.25%). Twenty rabbits were randomly allocated to four equal groups and treated for 21 consecutive days: Control group, VT-group (4 mg ABA kg −1 body weight), TEO-group (0.5 mg kg −1 body weight), and VT + TEO-group (0.5 mg kg −1 body weight of TEO plus the same dose of VT). Our results revealed that the administration of VT resulted in a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum creatinine and uric acid levels as compared to the control group. Voliam targo ® was found to induce histopathological alterations in the kidney, namely dilatation and congestion of blood vessels, dilatation of proximal and distal tubules and lymphocytes infiltration within the renal cortical interstitium. Furthermore, the subacute exposure to VT resulted in neurotoxic effects on the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum of treated rabbits. However, co-administration of Thymus vulgaris essential oil significantly reversed renal function biomarkers to near normal levels and improved morphological changes of the kidney and brain tissues. The present results indicate that carvacrolrich thyme essential oil exerts protective effects against VT-induced renal and neuro-toxicity.