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This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of curcumin (CCM) against gentamicin (GEN) and sodium salicylates (NaS)-induced ototoxic effects in rats. For 15 consecutive days, seven rat groups were given 1 mL/rat physiological saline orally, 1 mL/rat olive oil orally, 50 mg/kg bwt CCM orally, 120 mg/kg bwt GEN intraperitoneally, 300 mg/kg bwt NaS intraperitoneally, CCM+GEN, or CCM+NaS. The distortion product otoacoustic emission measurements were conducted. The rats’ hearing function and balance have been behaviorally assessed using auditory startle response, Preyer reflex, and beam balance scale tests. The serum lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress biomarkers have been measured. Immunohistochemical investigations of the apoptotic marker caspase-3 and the inflammatory indicator nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) in cochlear tissues were conducted. GEN and NaS exposure resulted in deficit hearing and impaired ability to retain balance. GEN and NaS exposure significantly decreased the reduced glutathione level and catalase activity but increased malondialdehyde content. GEN and NaS exposure evoked pathological alterations in cochlear and vestibular tissues and increased caspase-3 and NF-κB immunoexpression. CCM significantly counteracted the GEN and NaS injurious effects. These outcomes concluded that CCM could be a naturally efficient therapeutic agent against GEN and NaS-associated ototoxic side effects. Graphical abstract

NSG is feasible in selected patients and with few modifications in the standard technique. There might be a benefit in terms of pain. Further studies with large series are necessary to observe these potential benefits.

This research aims to develop a conceptual framework and assessment tool to assess sustainability of Multifunction Constructed Wetlands Projects (MCWP).first, by literature review to analyses the main points and identify the gaps in existing research to what concerns viewing constructed wetlands as multifunction sustainable landscape projects. To assess the performance of MCWP, urban sustainability indicators are proposed examining interconnections between environmental, economic and social aspects and their effects on each other. Indicators are selected according to their relevance to the United Nations and National Sustainable Development Goals, also performance-oriented assessment tools for MCWPs designed for wastewater treatment. The impacts of proposed indicators are then assessed using adapted Leopold Matrix method. Hence, this study aims to establish an assessment model to evaluate the sustainability features of MCWPs, by proposing a set of indicators that assess sustainability criteria related to MCWPs and proposing measurement metrics and respective weights for indicators and sub-indicators.