No abstract

The subfamily Lamiinae (Cerambycidae, Coleoptera) is striking due to its morphological diversity and species richness with intricate phylogenetic relationships. We inferred the phylogeny and evolutionary history of extant species of East of Marmara Basin, Türkiye, from the tribes Acanthocinini, Acanthoderini, Agapanthiini, Batocerini, Dorcadionini, Lamiini, Mesosini, Monochamini, Phytoeciini, Phrynetini, Pogonocherini (including Exocentrini) and Saperdini using partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase-I (COI) and 16S rRNA and nuclear 28S rRNA gene regions (2257 base pair alignment length). The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Lamiinae members included in the analyses was dated ~ 127 million years ago (Mya) in the Cretaceous. The MRCA of Dorcadionini, Lamiini and Monochamini was younger than the common ancestors of the other close tribes. There was a concurrence between resolutions of Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses on the affiliations of Dorcadionini and Monochamini to Lamiini and the proximity of Batocerini to Lamiini, Acanthocinini to Acanthoderini, Phrynetini to Pogonocherini, and Phytoeciini to Saperdini. The COI-based Neighbor-Joining and ML gene trees suggest that the closest relatives of the extant Lamiinae species of East of Marmara Basin were the European conspecifics or congeners. Moreover, Paraleprodera and Lamia (Lamiini) were sisters to Imantocera (Gnomini), Oberea (Obereini) to Phytoecia Phytoeciini), and Hippopsis (Agapanthiini) to Omosarotes singularis Pascoe,1860 (Acanthomerosternoplini). Our results support Dorcadionini, Gnomini and Monochamini as synonyms of Lamiini; and Obereini and Phytoeciini of Saperdini and suggest that the emergence of the living tribes included in this study was during Paleogene, and their intrageneric diversifications occurred during Cenozoic, mostly Neogene.

Spondylidinae is a minor subfamily of Cerambycidae with around 100 species in 20 genera. The tribes Asemini and Spondylidini, both salient owing to vectors and invaders into the limelight of phytosanitary authorities, constitute the “spondylidine branch”. Although a few species of the branch were being included in some higher taxonomic level studies, the phylogenetic relationships within the taxa have never been evaluated from a molecular viewpoint. The present study identifies the phylogenetic relationships within the branch inferring from a single locus (COI) global dataset and two multi-locus local datasets, binary combinations of mitochondrial COI, 16S rRNA and nuclear 28S rRNA D1-D2, that sequences were obtained from the samples of the East of Marmara Region, Turkey. [(Spondylis+Neospondylis) + Megasemum] and [Tetropium+Asemum] groups were separated from the same node in the phylogenetic trees. The genus Cephalallus was stated on the basalmost of these two groups. Arhopalus split from all other genera and divided into two subgroups. There were discrepancies between morphology and COI barcode sequences, which might be a sign of hybridisation between A. rusticus and A. syriacus. Intraspecific distances of COI gene regions of S. buprestoides, As. striatum and T. cinnamopterum were up to 4.26%, 8.51%, and 6%, respectively, which might point out to cryptic speciation.

Lamiinae is a tremendous subfamily of Cerambycidae, with around 20,000 members dispersed across continents. The knowledge of the evolutionary history of the subfamily is scarcely, and there are growing doubts about the phylogenetic relationships due to the recognised illusion caused by the convergence of the morphological characters. The present study contributes to the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of the tribes Acanthocinini, Acanthoderini, Agapanthiini, Batocerini, Dorcadionini, Lamiini, Mesosini, Monochamini, Phytoeciini, Phrynetini, Pogonocherini (including Exocentrini) and Saperdini with Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and time-scaled Bayesian analyses based on partial mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and nuclear 28S rRNA gene regions (2257 base pair alignment length). The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the taxa included in the analyses appeared during the Middle or Late Cretaceous, and the MRCAs of the closely related tribes emerged in Paleogene. The MRCA of Dorcadionini, Lamiini and Monochamini was younger than the common ancestors of the other close tribes. The hypothetical ML phylogram was consistent with the Bayesian chronogram in the proximity of Batocerini to Lamiini, Acanthocinini to Acanthoderini, Phyretrini to Pogonocherini, and Phytoeciini to Saperdini, in addition to the affiliation of Lamiini, Dorcadionini and Monochamini. At the COI-based NJ and ML gene trees, Paraleprodera and Lamia (Lamiini) were sisters to Imantocera (Gnomini), Oberea (Obereini) to Phytoecia (Phytoeciini), and Hippopsis (Agapanthiini) to Omosarotes (Acanthomerosternoplini). The present results support Dorcadionini Gnomini and Monochamini as synonyms of Lamiini; and Obereini and Phytoeciini of Saperdini. We suggest that the emergence of the living tribes included in this study was during Paleogene, and the intrageneric diversifications occurred in Cenozoic, mostly during Neogene.