Aim:This study compared the capability of Biopuer MTAD, QMix TM 2in1, 17% EDTA, 6.25% Morinda Citrifolia juice, 2% Nano-Chitosan, 2% Chitosan, 2% Chlorhexidine and distilled water in smear layer removal.Methods: eighty extracted premolars having single root canals were distributed into eight groups allocated to the final irrigant used. Roots were separated in bacco-lingual direction into two equal halves then analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at the coronal, middle, and apical parts. Results:In the coronal and middle parts of the roots the Biopure MTAD showed the highest mean values of smear layer elimination, followed by 17% EDTA, QMix TM 2in1, and then 6.25% MCJ. While 2% nano-chitosan, 2% chitosan, 2% CHX and distilled water showed the least mean values of smear layer elimination. The capability of smear layer elimination decreased in the apical third for Biopuer MTAD, 17% EDTA, QMix TM 2in1and 6.25 % MCJ. It was only inhibited with 2% nano-chitosan, 2%chitosan, 2% CHX and distilled water.Conclusion: the study concluded that Biopuer MTAD had the highest mean value for smear layer removal in middle, coronal and to a lesser degree in apical thirds.

Introduction Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most commonly isolated bacterium from infected root canals. It is found in the form of a biofilm, which makes it more resistant to antimicrobials, and requires optimal chemomechanical strategies to maximize root canal disinfection. Aim To evaluate the efficacy of 4 different endodontic file systems against E. faecalis biofilm growth in root canals using colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Methods Eighty-five extracted human mandibular premolars with straight root canals and apical diameters not larger than the #15 K-file were randomly selected. After performing a pilot study (n = 15) to determine the ideal incubation period for E. faecalis biofilm development, sixty-five root canals were infected with E. faecalis, incubated for 3 weeks, and then mechanically prepared using one of four single files (XP-endo Shaper, Hyflex EDM, One Curve, and Fanta. AFTM F One) (n = 15). Five infected root canals were excluded for the positive control. Five non-contaminated root canals were included for the negative control. Samples were collected using sterile paper points pre- and post-instrumentation to determine the bacterial load (CFU/mL). Root canals from each group were topographically evaluated at the coronal, middle, and apical segments using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bacterial reduction data were estimated and statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (post hoc test) (P ≤ .05). Results XP-endo Shaper, Hyflex DEM, and One Curve significantly could eradicate E. faecalis biofilms in infected root canals with no significant difference among them compared to Fanta. AF™ F One. Conclusion None of the systems were capable of completely eliminating biofilms. XP-endo Shaper, Hyflex EDM, and One Curve mechanically eliminated E. faecalis biofilms compared to Fanta. AF™ F One from infected root canals.

The most common causative factor of pulpal disease is microorganisms. This is because the body defending cells and molecules from periarticular tissues do not function in such tissue [1]. Once the pulp is necrotic, only a restricted subset of species can colonize in the pulp space. Some groups of oral microbial species have been reported to be associated with particular forms of periarticular diseases, which confer a semi-condition and cannot reach to micro-organisms location in necrotic pulps specific etiology to endodontic infections [2]. In general, species more frequently found in primary root canal infections usually belong to Introduction

Endodontic rotary NiTi files have been used with or without gutta-percha solvents saving time

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