The aim of present work were to investigate the carrier state to foot and mouth disease virus in vaccinated cattle (vaccinated carriers) and unvaccinated cattle (unvaccinated carriers). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was employed to detect FMDV from esophageal and pharyngeal fluid samples collected from both vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle. Results have been shown that the persistence of FMDV is significantly higher in unvaccinated cattle in comparison to vaccinated animals. It have been concluded that high vaccination trials were play a role in the elimination of carrier status from cattle.

This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of rotaviruses in Karbala and Basrah provinces, the genetic reassortment of human and animal rotavirus strains and the novel strains. Rotaviruses were detected by Immunochromatography Test (ICT) then the positive samples were tested by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) using specific primers to VP7 gene, this gene is responsible for VP7 antigen which is responsible for stimulation the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies. The VP7 gene was implemented in rotavirus vaccine of Iraqi immunization program. The RT PCR results showed that 56.3% (27/48) of samples positive in children under five years of age in Karbala province while Basrah province revealed 58.5% (31/53) positive samples in children whereas samples taken from calves revealed 43.1% (22/51) and 45.5% (25/55) positive samples in Karbala and Basrah provinces respectively. The sequencing of human and animal samples revealed that there was genetic reassortment between human and animal strains while in comparing with international strains there was closely related with Indian and Pakistani human strains. Necessarily for further bioinformatics studies are needed to study the genetic alterations with viral proteins analysis of rotavirus.

Almost all of the deaths happening under the age of 5 occur in the developed countries of Africa and Asia. This study included children admitted to the surgical care, aged 6 months to 5 years, who suffered from acute gastroenteritis and received treatment at Samawah, Iraq, from December 2018 to December 2019. Test results detected different types of rotaviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses using ELISA. 56.6% of the infections were attributed to a viral pathogen. The main cause was attributed to rotavirus and adenovirus. The causative agents of diarrheal diseases in 28.1% of cases are rotaviruses, in 17.05% – adenoviruses, in 11.43% – astroviruses. Viral mono-infections are detected more often than mixed infections. Viral intestinal infections are characterized by seasonality and rise in the cold season, with a peak incidence of rotavirus infection in April, adenovirus infection in November, and astrovirus infection in December.

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