This study was designed to investigate the association between immune inflammation and androgen receptor (AR) expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We retrospectively analyzed 105 prostatectomy specimens. An immune inflammation score for each specimen was defined by combining three immunohistochemical markers (CD4, CD8 and CD20). The immunohistochemical markers were CD4 and CD8 for T lymphocytes, CD20 for B lymphocytes and AR antibody for the AR in BPH samples. Rates of CD4, CD8, CD20 and AR expression in BPH were 20 (19.0%), 21 (20.0%), 101 (96.2%) and 48 (45.7%), respectively. Total prostate volume (TPV) was higher in the immune inflammation group than in the non-immune inflammation group (62.7 ml vs. 49.2 ml, t=2.482, P<0.05). Patients in the immune inflammation group had a higher serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) than those in the non-inflammation group (7.5 ng ml(-1 )vs. 5.4 ng ml(-1), t=2.771, P<0.05). Specifically, the immune inflammation group showed a higher rate of AR expression than the non-inflammation group (56.1% vs. 28.2%, χ(2)=7.665, P<0.05). Our study revealed a strong association between immune inflammation and TPV, serum PSA and AR expression in BPH tissue. Prostate hyperplasia caused by an immune inflammatory process may contribute to BPH progression over time. Therefore, the inflammatory response involved in BPH may be a prime therapeutic target.

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Continuous-wave (CW) lasing in quasi-two-dimensional (2D) perovskitebased distributed feedback cavities has been achieved at room temperature; however, CW microcavity lasers comprising distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) have rarely been prepared using solution-processed quasi-2D perovskite films because the roughness of perovskite films significantly increases intersurface scattering loss in the microcavity. Herein, high-quality spincoated quasi-2D perovskite gain films were prepared using an antisolvent to reduce roughness. The highly reflective top DBR mirrors were deposited via room-temperature ebeam evaporation to protect the perovskite gain layer. Lasing emission of the prepared quasi-2D perovskite microcavity lasers under CW optical pumping was clearly observed at room temperature, featuring a low threshold of ∼1.4 W cm −2 and beam divergence of ∼3.5°. It was concluded that these lasers originated from weakly coupled excitons. These results elucidate the importance of controlling the roughness of quasi-2D films to achieve CW lasing, thus facilitating the design of electrically pumped perovskite microcavity lasers.

Perovskite single crystals (SCs) have been emerging as promising materials for electroluminescence (EL) device applications owing to their superior optoelectronic properties. However, the device performance of single-crystal perovskite light-emitting diodes (SC-PeLEDs) is limited by the lack of effective defect management and energy level modulation. Here, a nonstoichiometric composition tuning (NCT) strategy for the construction of high-performance SC-PeLEDs is reported. The NCT strategy, finely tuning the MABr (MA + = CH 3 NH 3 + ) excess in the nonstoichiometric MAPbBr 3 SCs to enhance the crystal quality, reduce the trap density, and elevate the energy level of the resultant perovskite SC, enables markedly decreased nonradiative recombination and more efficient carrier injection for the devices. In consequence, the optimized SC-PeLEDs exhibit an ultrahigh peak luminance of 161 900 cd m −2 and a large external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 8.1%, representing the most efficient SC-PeLED reported thus far. This strategy also shows a high universality in enhancing the EL performance of other lead bromide perovskite SC-PeLEDs, endowing them with luminances and EQEs three times larger than those of the pristine devices. This work opens an avenue for the development of high-performance EL devices based on perovskite SCs.

BackgroundRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy of the urinary system with high rates of morbidity and mortality.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate and analyze the clinical efficacy of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for the treatment of small RCC.MethodsIn this retrospective study of 45 patients with small RCC, the patients were divided into two treatment groups: Group A (retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, 25 cases) and Group B (retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, 20 cases).ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in the operative time, amount of intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, preoperative creatinine level, postoperative creatinine level after 24 hours, and survival rate after 1, 2, and 3 years between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThere were no significant differences in the survival rates and short-term postoperative complications between the laparoscopic partial nephrectomy group and the laparoscopic radical nephrectomy group for small RCC, but the former was slightly more effective.