: Malaria is one of the three most deadly infectious diseases in the world and seriously endangers human health and life. To reduce the public health burden of this disease, scientists have focused on the discovery and development of effective antimalarial drugs, from quinine and chloroquine to antifolates and artemisinin and its derivatives, which all play a profound role in the treatment of malaria. However, drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum have emerged due to frequent use of antimalarials and have become increasingly resistant to existing antimalarial drugs , which had caused disastrous consequences in the world. In particular, artemisinin resistance is of greatest concern which was reported in 2008. Resistance to artenisinins has been a major obstacles for malaria control and current efforts to curb artemisinin resistance have not been successful. Based on current suitation it is urgent to develop more effective new antimalarials with distinct targets from conventional antimalarials in the world which could facilitate to minimize the phenomenon of drug resistance. This review aims to summarize different kinds of antimalarial therapeutic efficacy, mechanisms of action and resistance and proposes new solutions aiming towards further improvement of malaria elimination.

PurposeDespite abundant research on the negative effect of gender stereotypes on female leaders, it remains unclear whether leader competence perceived by the subordinates could overcome this backlash effect. Drawing on expectation states theory and expectancy violation theory, the authors investigate how the interaction among leaders' gender roles, leader sex and subordinates' perceived leader competence influences leader effectiveness through subordinates' affective trust.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through two-wave surveys among 489 participants from various sectors in different parts of China. SPSS and Hayes PROCESS were used to test the hypotheses.FindingsHigh competence perceived by the subordinates helps female leaders to overturn the negative effect of masculinity and strengthen the positive effect of femininity, whereas this positive moderation does not hold for male leaders.Originality/valueThis study addresses the ongoing debate about “female advantage” in leadership by showing that female leaders benefit from high perceived competence and are penalized by low perceived competence to a greater extent than male leaders in terms of leader effectiveness.

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The unexpected spread of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) from Central and West Africa to previously non-endemic regions has caused a global panic. In this context, the rapid, specific, and ultrasensitive...