While DOC did not affect PSMA expression, it was unexpectedly found to down-regulate AR and PSA. DOC-induced down-regulation of AR might be one of the anti-tumor mechanisms active in PC. Down-regulation of PSA may account for the significantly higher PSA response rates (45-50%) relative to measurable response rates (8-17%) reported in DOC PC trials and have implications for PSA surrogacy observations derived from DOC trials.

Highlights d Use of CMap identified the phytochemical hyperforin as an anti-obesity agent in mice d Hyperforin promotes adipose tissue thermogenesis to promote weight loss d Dlat was identified and validated as a direct molecular target of hyperforin d Hyperforin-induced thermogenesis is modulated by a Dlat-AMPK-PGC1a axis

Microbial secondary metabolites produced by actinomycetes are important natural products widely applied to control plant diseases. A variety of actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples collected from Tianzhu Mountain in Shenyang, China. A Streptomyces strain Shenyang Tianzhu (STZ) exhibits effective antiviral activity against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The isolate was identified as Streptomyces ahygroscopicus based on its cultural, morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics as well as the phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA sequences. To obtain the pure anti-TMV compound from Streptomyces STZ, the culture broth was subjected to Amberlite IRC-50 ion-exchange resin, SX-8 macroporous adsorption resin and Sephadex G-25 gel column chromatography. The purified active compound was confirmed to be ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL), with molecular mass in the range of 3454–4352 Da by structural analysis with infrared (IR), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR). The protective and curative effects of the purified compound ε-PL were tested and the results showed that the compound exhibited significant protective and curative activity against TMV. The potential application of ε-PL as an efficient anti-plant virus agent was expected.

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