One of the effective approaches for genetic improvement of productivity traits in farm animals is markerassisted selection (MAS) depending on the genetic markers that are associated with superior productivity traits. The improvement of fertility trait is one of the main targets in small ruminant breeding programs. This work aimed to identify RFLPs and SNPs variations among three fertility genes in Egyptian sheep and goat breeds. RFLP analysis of the amplified fragments at 462-bp from exon 1 of GDF9 using HpaII endonuclease showed the presence of two genotypes GG and AG. Depending on the presence of the restriction site of TaqI endonuclease (T^CGA) in the 348-bp amplified fragment from exon 5 of GPR54 gene, the results showed the presence of two alleles, C and T with three genotypes, viz. CC, TT and CT. The PCR amplified fragments of 190-bp from FecB gene were digested with AvaII restriction enzyme and the results showed that all tested animals had the same homozygous non-carrier genotype (++). It was concluded that the identification of genetic structure and nucleotide sequences of GDF9, GPR54 and FecB genes is considered the first step towards the genetic improvements of fertility trait in Egyptian small ruminants where these genes are associated with different fertility traits parameter like ovulation rate, ovarian follicular development, puberty and litter size in small ruminant breeds.

Background Chia oil is high in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been linked to a lower risk of many diseases, including cancer. Oil encapsulation is a method that holds promise for maintaining oil content while enhancing solubility and stability. The purpose of this study is to prepare nanoencapsulated Chia oil and investigate its suppressive effects on rat chemically induced breast cancer. Methods The oil was extracted from commercial Chia seeds and their fatty acids were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sodium alginate was used as a loading agent to create the Chia oil nanocapsules. The DPPH assay was used to assess the oil nanocapsules' capacity to scavenge free radicals. Breast cancer induction was done by single dose subcutaneously administration of 80 mg/kg dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA). Models of breast cancer were given Chia oil nanocapsules orally for one month at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Through measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein carbonyl, assessing the gene expression of tumor suppressor genes (BRCA 1 & 2, TP53), and conducting histopathological analysis, the suppressive effect of Chia oil nanocapsules was examined. Results The increase in ROS and PC levels brought on by DMBA was significantly decreased by the administration of Chia oil nanocapsules. In tumor tissue from rats given Chia oil nanocapsules, the mRNA expression levels of BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53 were controlled Histopathological analysis clarified that the tissue architecture of breast tumors was improved by nanocapsules management. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the ability of Chia oil nanocapsules to inhibit cancer cells in the rat breast.

Contamination of the uterine lumen with bacteria occurred in bovid within the first week after parturition. The bacterial infection causes the persistent inflammation in the endometrium leading to the infertility and huge economical loss in animal production. TGF-β and IL-1R2 genes are involved in innate immune recognition of pathogens and the inflammatory response. This study aimed to compare the expression of these two genes in uteri samples of endometritis-infected and apparently healthy buffaloes using QT-PCR. The uteri samples were collected from endometritis-infected and normal buffaloes. Bacterial examination of uteri from endometritis-infected buffaloes showed the presence of bacterial contamination with E. coli, P. Klebsiella pneumonia and/or P. vulgaris. RNA was extracted from uteri of infected and normal animal, and cDNA was synthesized for QT-PCR. Using GAPDH as a housekeeping gene, the gene expression of two tested genes was assessed and the results showed that the expression of TGF-β and IL-1R2 genes was up-regulated in infected animals compared to control by 11.39 and 12.99 folds, respectively and this increase of gene expressions was highly significant. In conclusion, the gene expression assessment of important innate immune genes—like TGF-β and IL-1R2 genes can help to establish new approaches for the improvement of the immune response of buffalo through marker-assisted selection of animals characterized by superior innate immunity system.

Background Molecular genetics has been extremely useful in determining the relation between animal populations and documenting the degrees of genetic variation found within them. The present study was undertaken to evaluate genetic diversity and the relationships between the three camel populations reared in Egypt: Maghrabi, Sudani, and Baladi using mitochondrial 16S sequences and other breeds of camels in the world. Methods Blood samples were collected from camels belonging to these three populations. Genomic DNA was extracted from the collected blood samples and subjected to PCR using specific primers for mitochondrial 16S region. The amplified products were purified using DNA purification kit to remove residual primers and dNTPs. Sequencing was performed in the Macrogen Incorporation. The amplified products were submitted to GenBank/NCBI under accession numbers OM 278349 and OM 278350 Results Sequencing was done on the partial mitochondrial 16S amplified fragments at 530 bp. This amplified area had two haplotypes. There was one substitution (G/A) at nucleotide 309 of the amplified segment. The nucleotide (π) and Hd stand for haplotype diversity, respectively, at 0.00008 and 0.042, and the average number of pairwise nucleotide differences, k, is 0.042, according to Fu’s Fs statistic and Tajima’s D, which is −1.10686. Genetic distance percentages between the three populations under study range from 0.000 to 0.0312. A phylogenetic analysis of Egyptian camel populations and other Camelus dromedarius populations revealed a strong relationship between them. Conclusions This study suggests that the 16S rRNA sequencing in mitochondria plays a critical role in genetic variation studies and analysis of phylogeny between camel populations and breeds.