Aerodynamic characteristics of aerosol delivery during invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are mostly determined by inserting cascade impactor in the circuit. Impactor might have some effect on airflow within IMV. Hence, the aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate new in vitro aerodynamic characterization methodology without affecting airflow in IMV. Breathing simulator was set in standard adult IMV circuit with inspiratory and expiratory pressures of 20 and 5 cm HO, 1:3 inspiratory-expiratory ratio, 15 breaths min, and tidal volume of 500 ml. Two ml of salbutamol solution containing 10,000 μg was nebulized using three different vibrating mesh nebulizers (VMNs) and Sidestream jet nebulizer (JET). Sixteen-metered doses, containing 100 μg salbutamol each, were delivered using three different spacers. Each device was placed in inspiration limb of Y-piece of ventilator tubing. Aerodynamic characteristics of aerosol delivered were measured using cooled Andersen cascade impactor, with mixing inlet connected to it. VMNs used had significantly more total mass in the impactor (p < .001) and fine particle dose (p < .001) compared to JET. Spacers used had higher total mass in the impactor percent (p < .001) and fine particle fraction compared to nebulizers. The in vitro IMV methodology setting suggested here showed encouraging results in comparison of different aerosol delivery systems in intubated patient.

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The present study was conducted to evaluate the environmental hazards of insecticides used as seed dressing by Gausho and leaf spraying by Tiliton on abundance and diversity of mites inhabiting soil in which they are useful in nutrient cycling in soil. Soil samples were collected monthly from cotton field during the vegetation period (April-September). Gausho caused a complete mortal effect on soil mite individuals over one month after the insecticide application. The mortal effect is suggested due to the fast leaching of insecticide into the soil by dipping technique method. Soil mites' population was maximum in June. Foliar spraying of Tiliton reduced the population density of soil mites compared with the control till the end of vegetative period. A reduction of 57.65% of soil mites was caused due to insecticides usage. Mortality may relate to the incidence dropping off some pesticides droplets into the soil during spraying method. Gausho reduced the species diversity (H'≤ 3) of oribatid mites 60 days after seed soaking, while exhibited a very low diversity (H'≤ 1) for prostigmatid, mesostigmatid, and astigmatid mites. Thus, the insecticide application in conventional fields had a significant effect on non-target beneficial arthropods and therefore reduced biological aspects in soil ecosystem that considered an indicator of soil quality and ensures its sustainability.