Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an interpersonal relationship program on interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, and depression in nursing students. Methods: This was a quasi-experiment with a nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design. Sixty-four nursing students participated in the study with 31 in the experimental group and 33 in the control group. They were from 3 different colleges of nursing located in Seoul. The interpersonal relationship program was held 10 times over 10 weeks, taking 90 minutes per session. The interpersonal relationship change scale developed by Schlein and Guemey, Rosenberg's self-esteem scale, and CED-S for depression were the instruments used in the study. The data collection period was from January 4 to March 8, 2011, and the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 14.0 using the X 2 -test, t-test, and paired t-test. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of the degree of interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, and depression. Conclusion: The results indicate that interpersonal relationship programs have positive effects for improving interpersonal relationships and self-esteem, and decreasing depression in nursing students.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to identify sleep quality according to a sleep model, to examine factors influencing sleep quality in nursing students and non nursing students. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with 154 nursing students and 155 non nursing students at several universities and college in Seoul. A self administrated questionnaire was used for data collection and data were analyzed descriptive statistics, t test or ANOVA, and regression with SPSS/WIN 14.0 program. Results: Sleep quality of nursing students is lower than non nursing students. Sleep qualities showed significant differences according to academic self efficacy, stress, depression and daytime sleepiness in nursing students and stress, depression and daytime sleepiness in non nursing students. Significant factors influencing sleep quality of nursing students was stress and for non nursing students, daytime sleepiness. Conclusion: The findings indicated the importance of sleep hygiene education for nursing students is that results in sleep quality.

This paper aims to examine the impact of satisfaction with family, friends, school, and government on life satisfaction, and to identify the impact of knowledge, attitude, and practice of sharing on life satisfaction. The fuzzy regression model was used to measure satisfaction levels by the passage of time. For satisfaction with family, friends, school, government, and life, the nursing students were asked to put down the minimum value in the interval. Sharing was measured by using instruments that divide sharing into individual and community levels. The estimated fuzzy regression model by using the α-level set of the fuzzy number and least squares method implied that the satisfaction with family, friends, school, and government influenced life satisfaction and the spread of change in life satisfaction was influenced by satisfaction from individual sharing only. Therefore, it is important to form positive interactions by improving school satisfaction and sharing. As sharing positively affects life satisfaction, sharing activity was found to improve the reciprocal interactions of the students.

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Background El Salvador is recognized as a country that has effectively reduced its Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR). While health indicators, such as total fertility rate, adolescent fertility rate, skilled birth attendance, and health expenditures, have improved in El Salvador, this improvement was unremarkable compared to advancements in other developing countries. How El Salvador could achieve an outstanding decrease in MMR despite unexceptional improvements in health and non-health indicators is a question that deserves deep research. We used quantitative methods and an observational case study to show that El Salvador could reduce its MMR more than expected by instituting health policies that not only aimed to reduce the (adolescent) fertility rate, but also provide safe birthing conditions and medical services to pregnant women through maternity waiting homes. Methods We ran pooled ordinary least squares regression and panel regression with fixed effects using MMR as the dependent variable and health and non-health factors as the independent variables. We conducted residual analysis, calculated the predicted value of MMR, and compared it with the observed value in El Salvador. To explain the change in MMR in El Salvador, we carried out an observational case study of maternity waiting homes in that country. Results El Salvador could reduce MMR by improving health factors such as fertility rate skilled birth attendance and non-health factors, such as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and female empowerment. However, even while considering these factors, the MMR of El Salvador decreased by more than expected. We confirmed this by analyzing the residuals of the regression model. This improvement in MMR, which is larger than expected from the regression results, can be attributed partly to government measures such as maternity waiting homes. Conclusions The reason for the unexplained reduction in El Salvador’s MMR seems to be attributed in part to health policies that not only aim to reduce the fertility rate but also to provide safe birthing conditions and medical services to pregnant women through maternity waiting homes.