This article presents the historical transformation of Finnish commercial radio popular music policies from 1985 to 2005 and contemplates the role of terrestrial radio in contemporary digital age. It argues that a sender-centred paradigm of early commercial radio was replaced swiftly by receiver-centred paradigm, which has been applied since the early 1990s. The change of radio music cultures is described in detail by dividing it into three different eras: Block Radio, Format Radio and Media Convergence. The study draws on the research project consisting of case studies analysing the music content of various radio stations. The primary empirical data is composed of 32 interviews of radio personnel and the analysis of 4,500 individual songs broadcast by popular music radio stations with newspaper and journal articles supporting the primary data. Radio music culture is approached theoretically from the ethnomusicological perspective and thus defined as all practices that have an effect on broadcast music, including the processes of acquiring, selecting and governing music. The empirical results of the study show that the transformation of radio music cultures is affected by economic, technological, legal, organisational and cultural factors.

This article examines the transition from a public service radio monopoly to a more liberal and diverse radio culture in Finland. In addition, the Zeitgeist of local radio culture and a theoretical framework for three separate stages of Finnish radio between 1980 and 2005 is presented. We argue that considerable changes can be discerned in the radio content, which had a distinct impact on the use of music and the way of speaking on radio programmes. The changes are studied mainly from the perspective of broadcasting rock music, its reception among young audiences and the ensuing public discussion. Two key commercial radio stations are discussed, likewise the change in their content towards a streamlined, American-style format radio. The current radioscape is assessed from the perspectives of commercial and public service radio.

The aim of the present study was to examine people's colour, music and emotion associations with dishes from two imagined restaurants. We conducted an experiment where we asked two study-participant groups to match interior colours, background music and desired emotional states for either a salad restaurant or a steak restaurant. To evoke associations we used two dish photos -a salad and a steak dish. The hypothesis was that the study participants would choose different background music and colours for different imagined restaurants. The results show that the most often selected colour, music and musically evoked and desired emotions in the salad group were Kiwi (lime colour) combined with Jazz, Pop and Soul music, and Peacefulness and Joyful Activation. In the steak group the selections were Bordeaux (dark-red colour) combined with Jazz and Classical music, and Peacefulness, Transcendence, Tenderness and Joyful Activation. The results were discussed in terms of articulation theory that is widely used in critical cultural studies. The differences between the groups showed that the study participants made different kinds of articulations: the answers in the steak group emphasized romantic classical music and luxury, while the salad group emphasized vital (healthy food, dancing) and hedonistic (joy, pleasure) values. The results indicate that: (1) generally people value peaceful eating environments; (2) people choose different visual and auditory stimuli for an eating environment depending on the food menu; and (3) customers, in this case, expect a connection to their previous cultural experiences with salad and steak restaurants. & 2016 AZTI-Tecnalia. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The deregulation of broadcasting in 1985 Finland introduced competition between the European public service tradition and American commercial radio. Musically diverse and almost uncontrolled programme policies of the mid-1980s were replaced by the American-style format radio in the 1990s. The article focuses on how the process of music selection and radio music management changed. What were the economic, technological, organisational and cultural constraints that regulated the radio business and especially music? The question will be answered by empirical data consisting of interviews with the radio station personnel and music copyright reports supported by printed archive material.

Rock-kulttuuri ja suomalaisen radiopolitiikan muutosSuuri rakenteellinen murros suomalaisessa radiotoiminnassa tapahtui vuonna 1985, kun kaupallinen radio aloitti toimintansa ja Yleisradio menetti sen myötä monopoliasemansa. Taustalla oli pitkäaikainen kehitys, jonka tuloksena syntyi kaksi radiotoiminnan tyyppiä ja tekemisen tapaa. Tämän kaksijakoisen historian tunnetuimmat esimerkit olivat eurooppalainen julkisen palvelun lähetystoiminta ja yhdysvaltalainen kaupallinen radio.Suomessa radiotoiminta kehittyi jo varhain eurooppalaisen mallin mukaisesti. Vuonna 1926 perustetulla Yleisradiolla oli radiotoiminnan monopoli puolen vuosisadan ajan vuodesta 1935 vuoteen 1985, jolloin Valtioneuvosto myönsi kokeiluluontoisesti kahdeksi vuodeksi toimiluvat 22 paikallisradiolle.Uudet radiot toimivat pääosin mainostuloilla, eli ne olivat kaupallisia. Luvan saamisen keskeisenä ehtona oli paikallisuus, mikä oli poliittisesti helpompi hyväksyä kuin puhtaasti kaupallinen toimintaajatus. Tuolloin oli vaikea kuvitella, että suppealla kuuluvuusalueella operoivat radiot olisivat mitenkään hätyytelleet YLEn valta-asemaa. Uusiin radioihin liitettiin silti suuria toiveita: niiden odotettiin edistävän kansalaisten itseilmaisua ja osallistumista. Suomalaisen radiomaiseman muutos oli aluksi sananvapauden ihanteiden sävyttämää. (Ks. Jyränki 1969: 34;Hujanen 1993.) Muutos merkitsi sitä, että julkisen palvelun Yleisradion yksinoikeus radiolähetyksiin päättyi ja sen rinnalle ilmaantui amerikkalaismallinen radiotoiminta. Radion muutosta on yleensä kuvattu deregulaation eli säätelyn purkamisen käsitteellä. Tarkkaan ottaen kyse ei ollut vain siitä, sillä suomalaista radiotoimintaa säädeltiin edell een ja säädellään vielä nykyisinkin. Tässä mielessä olisikin asiallisempaa puhua reregulaatiosta eli radiota koskevan säätely järjestelmän muutoksesta ja uudelleen muotoutumisesta (vrt. Hujanen 2001).Radiota koskeva lainsäädäntö muuttui sallivamrnaksijajossain määrin moniarvoisemrnaksi. Yleisradion monopolistinen viestintämalli sai rinnalleen kaupallisten markkinoiden saneleman radiotoiminnan ohjailun. Keskeistä radiotoiminnan muutoksessa olikin juuri demonopolisoituminen, Yleisradion yksinvallan vähittäinen loppuminen.