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Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have a number of features that make the provisioning of Quality of Services (QoS) particularly challenging. One of the most challenging issues is how to discover more reliable paths for high priority traffic delivery in a highly mobile network and do so with minimum overhead costs. This paper attempts to address this issue by designing and evaluating a multi-path discovery protocol. This protocol, named as Trust-Aware Dynamic Locationbased protocol version 2 (TADL-V2), is an improved version of our earlier published protocol, TADL. TADL-V2 has improved TADL in two aspects: (1) it uses a hybrid approach to node-disjoint path discovery based on the network mobility level and (2) it uses a mobility based approach to search area resizing. These measures enable TADL-V2 to discover more paths with reduced number of control packets injected into the network. Our simulation study shows that TADL-V2 outperforms TADL in terms of reducing control overheads when the network is highly mobile. This overhead reduction can have a positive effect on QoS provisioning.

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In recent years, various applications have emerged requiring linear topologies of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Such topologies are used in pipeline (water/oil/gas) monitoring systems. The linear structure has a significant impact on network performance in terms of delay, throughput, and power consumption. Regarding communication efficiency, routing protocols play a critical role, considering the special requirements of linear topology and energy resources. Therefore, the challenge is to design effective routing protocols that can address the diverse requirements of the monitoring system. In this paper, we present various wireless communication technologies and existing leak detection systems. We review different routing protocols focusing on multi-hop hierarchical protocols, highlighting the limitations and design issues related to packet routing in linear pipeline leak detection networks. Additionally, we present a LoRa multi-hop model for monitoring aboveground oil pipelines. A set of model parameters are identified such as the distance between sensors. In addition, the paper determines some calculations to estimate traffic congestion and energy consumption. Several alternative model designs are investigated. The model is evaluated using different multi-hop communication scenarios, and we compare the data rate and energy to provide an energy-efficient and low-cost leak detection system.