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Purpose The integration of different water impact assessment methods within a water footprinting concept is still ongoing, and a limited number of case studies have been published presenting a comprehensive study of all water-related impacts. Although industries are increasingly interested in assessing their water footprint beyond a simple inventory assessment, they often lack guidance regarding the applicability and interpretation of the different methods available. This paper aims to illustrate how different water-related methods can be applied within a water footprint study of a laundry detergent and discuss their applicability. Methods The concept of water footprinting, as defined by the recently published ISO Standard (ISO 2014), is illustrated through the case study of a load of laundry using water availability and water degradation impact categories. At the midpoint, it covers scarcity, availability, and pollution indicators such as eutrophication, acidification, human, and eco-toxicity. At the endpoint, impacts on human health and ecosystems are covered for water deprivation and degradation. Sensitivity Responsible editor: Annette KoehlerAnalysis of water use impact assessment methods This paper is divided into two parts and aims to broaden the understanding of existing water use impact assessment methods and their applicability within a water footprint study. Part A (Boulay et al. 2015) focuses on identifying relevant modeling choices to analyze the main differences between water impact assessment methods and assess their overall variability and model uncertainty. Part B illustrates the applicability of water footprint methods through a case study and discusses the methods' consistency, reliability, and limitations for decision making. Sensitivity analyses on the case study were selected based on relevant modeling choices determined in part A (Boulay et al. 2015). Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (analyses are performed on the most sensitive modeling choices identified in part A of this paper. Results and discussion The applicability of the different methodologies and their interpretation within a water footprint concept for decision making is presented. The discussion covers general applicability issues such as inventory flow definition, data availability, regionalization, and inclusion of wastewater treatment systems. Method-specific discussion covers the use of interim ecotoxicity factors, the interaction of scarcity and availability assessments and the limits of such methods, and the geographic coverage and availability of impact assessment methods. Lastly, possible double counting, databases, software, data quality, and integration of a water footprint within a life cycle assessment (LCA) are discussed.Conclusions This study has shown that water footprinting as proposed in the ISO standard can be applied to a laundry detergent product but with caveats. The science and the data availability are rapidly evolving, but the results obtained with present methods enable c...

Purpose There is an increasing interest in the assessment and comparison of the environmental impacts of consumer products. Schemes such as Grenelle de l'Environnement, currently under development in France, aim to assess and communicate the life cycle impacts of consumer products. Freshwater ecotoxicity is one of the impact categories under consideration. This paper presents the results of a comparison of USEtox and critical dilution volume (CDV) approaches for assessing laundry products. Materials and methodsThe study focused only on the endof-life stage, i.e. when the products are discharged after use into a sewage treatment plant and the environment. Two independent case studies were performed, in parallel, on three laundry product formats: powder, dilute liquid and concentrated liquid. For the USEtox assessment, new characterization factors (ChF) were calculated for all ingredients. Results and discussion The relative ranking of the laundry product formats was consistent across the two studies but not with the two methods. The dilute liquid format had the highest ecotoxicological impact potential with the CDV method, whereas the powder format was ranked highest with the USEtox method. A comparison was also made between published USEtox factors and those used in this work, suggesting that the published ones should be seen primarily as screening level values.

The availability of fresh water and the quality of aquatic ecosystems are important global concerns, and agriculture plays a major role. Consumers and manufacturers are increasingly sensitive to sustainability issues related to processed food products and drinks. The present study examines the production of sugar from the growing cycle through to processing to the factory gate, and identifies the potential impacts on water scarcity and quality and the ways in which the impact of water use can be minimised. We have reviewed the production phases and processing steps, and how calculations of water use can be complicated, or in some cases how assessments can be relatively straightforward. Finally, we outline several ways that growers and sugar processors are improving the efficiency of water use and reducing environmental impact, and where further advances can be made. This provides a template for the assessment of other crops.