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ulimia nervosa has recently emerged as a major mental health problem. Bulimics, usually women, suffer B episodes of uncontrollable eating following by purging and/or vomiting behaviours to rid themselves of the food.Previous work has examined the role of hostility in binge-purge behaviour, and clinical observation has noted the presence of strong guilt feelings. Most studies of hostility have used the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire. Very little work has been done on the role of guilt in bulimia. Studies of both guilt and hostility in bulimia were absent. This study used the Buss-Durkee Inventory (1957) to compare a clinical sample of bulimic women (n = 17) with nonbulimic female students (n = 20) on guilt and overt and covert hostility. As predicted, bulimics scored significantly higher than students on guilt, one-tailed t(35) = 7.17, p c .05, and covert hostility, one-tailed (34) = 5.23, p c .05, but did not differ on overt hostility. A distinctive pattern of associations between measures of guilt, covert hostility, and eating behaviours was found for the bulimic women. These results suggested that women with high guilt and covert hostility might be more susceptible to bulimia than women who were less guilty or hostile. Longitudinal studies examining these variables throughout the teenage and young adulthood years would clarify the roles of guilt and covert hostility as possible etiological factors for bulimia.

This is a report of the changes observed in the pattern of sensory innervation of muscle spindles in hindlimb muscles of kittens during the first four weeks of life. The structural analysis, made on teased, silver-stained preparations, was complemented by a series of recordings of afferent responses of kitten spindles during ramp-and-hold stretches of the muscle. The primary endings of spindles from newborn animals showed a large degree of variability in their branching pattern and branches formed a network across the intrafusal fibres. In older animals there was less variability and lateral branches of stem axons began to encircle the intrafusal fibres. The process of maturation was characterized by a more uniform shape of the endings and more complete, evenly spaced, annulospiral terminals. Recordings of the responses of primary endings of spindles during muscle stretch showed that several features of the adult response were already present in the newborn, although the overall rate of discharge was very much lower. It was concluded that the changes observed in the structure of the sensory endings of kitten spindles did not have clearly identifiable physiological correlates. It appears that an annulospiral shape of the sensory terminals is not a necessary prerequisite for the generation of stretch responses. The predominant factor which appears to determine the responses of spindles to stretch is the maturity of the intrafusal fibres, in particular, the bag2 fibre.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted on service provision for adults who have a learning disability, resulting in reduced occupational activities, routine, and social contact. Objective To analyse referrals received for Occupational Therapy intervention for adults who have a learning disability pre-COVID-19 (2019) and during COVID-19 (2020). Method This is a descriptive study conducted as a service evaluation with an NHS Trust Clinical Effectiveness Team in a city in the North of England. The data source was obtained from referral documentation. Quantitative and qualitative data were extracted from a data Performa and analysed using descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, and standard deviation) performed by the Software Microsoft Excel. Results The total number of cases used in this evaluation was 274. There was an increase in referrals during the COVID-19 pandemic, the greatest increase was for Occupational Therapy intervention focusing on engagement in meaningful occupation. Over both years the predominant referrals were for equipment reviews. Conclusion Data collected captures a broad range of information regarding Occupational Therapy service provision pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic and puts this in the context of future considerations regarding the Occupational Therapy services for adults who have a learning disability.

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