In this paper, we develop and estimate a model of violence between romantically linked men and women. Physical violence is viewed as both a source of direct gratification and as an instrument for controlling the victim's behavior. Our model is a Stackleberg type model in which the assailant maximizes expected utility subject to the stochastic reaction function of the victim. Our model is estimated by a bounded-influence regression technique because the process generating violence appears to lead to a heavy-tailed error distribution. Our empirical results suggest that increases in the assailants (i.e. the male's) income serve to increase violence, while increases in the proportion of the year that he is employed serve to decrease violence. Further, the employment effect is larger than the income effect. y way of contrast, our results suggest that the effect of a change in the female's employment or income depends heavily on her economic status relative to the male's. Finally,we find that improvements in the female's opportunites outside the relationship significantly reduce the level of violence.

No abstract

uo io cxccq o b sbp urnX p drioicq iqipon xbjic buinrou bLoAqcq ipi © J4 pA IICIQU j jncpcu ruq vuu JLAqcu)iuc qj L12 W2CLAQq 2POL 2CC1OU2 oj o JJC (UJJOI2 uq UO O ipc 4OUJ BflLCfl O COUOUJIC JCfl.CJJ i .LP! bbL i biu O 14BEK12 bLoI2w uj q uX obiuiou cxbL2cq i.c O IUJC BCLIC OL AITpJ COUJUJCU2 uq bJJAffJ2 4CJOU OL pcjb COIJIU1CqU 1vc qw 11J' MOLJC !U IJO EIA iuqCc iJJC OL IJVLOU LGCUJCUj iiqip OflL COUCTIIa!011a fJCiionjq 111CC J,qCUWJ H!1I' (ipJ jc icnijA cjcuo/tjcqc qrn nbboi.e poMclcV nbboz.i oL jpc LC2CLC bLccuicq 'U ip bbcL ii nbboi.icq pA iui pow c pouj uwic °T, J4OACWpCL wpqqc v ou JOO N2CIJflU2 V1UI WIJJOMVr' BflBEVI1 Oh ECO]4OWIC ! E2EVICH /AOL1CJU b9!L 140 4ÔÔ vuu y.Aqcu IA'U HCICU A LflCJJCU

In this paper we explore the relationship between crime and work using data for a cohort sample of young men. We find that working and going to school significantly decrease the probability of committing criminal acts and by virtually identical amounts. Parochial school education and higher IQ are also significantly associated with lower criminal proclivities, but a high school degree has no significant effect. These findings. in conjunction with other research, suggest that participation in legitimate activities (employment or school) per se has a greater effect on criminal behavior than does the higher income associated with employment or educational attainment.

In this paper we explore the relationship between crime and work using data for a cohort sample of young men. We find that working and going to school significantly decrease the probability of committing criminal acts and by virtually identical amounts. Parochial school education and higher IQ are also significantly associated with lower criminal proclivities, but a high school degree has no significant effect. These findings. in conjunction with other research, suggest that participation in legitimate activities (employment or school) per se has a greater effect on criminal behavior than does the higher income associated with employment or educational attainment.